Franco American literature
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Franco American literature is a body of work, in
Written in English as well as examples of Quebec and New England French, Franco-American literature and its associated literary and cultural movement represent an extension of La Survivance and Quebec literature among the French-Canadian diaspora in the New England region of the United States. In this literature, folklore, societal values and expressions of otherism are prominent motifs. While some literary figures, especially those of the Late 20th century Revival, sought to capture their own way of life within Yankee society, many earlier novels placed emphasis on the responsibilities of industry and craft, as well as fictionalized figures within Franco society.[6]
History
Exiles and The Great Migration
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jeanne_La_Fileuse%2C_par_M._Honor%C3%A9_Beaugrand_%281878%2C_Fall_River%29.jpg/220px-Jeanne_La_Fileuse%2C_par_M._Honor%C3%A9_Beaugrand_%281878%2C_Fall_River%29.jpg)
The earliest forms of Franco American literature began with its journalists. In 1839
Another of the earliest examples of Franco-American writing that meets the definition as American in subject, but Canadian in origins, was Un revenant, épisode de la Guerre de Sécession aux États-Unis ("A Ghost, Episode of the War of Secession in the United States"). Although unremarkable in its writing style, Rémi Tremblay's autobiographical novel represents a unique account of the American Civil War as seen through the eyes of a Québécois foreign national, enlisted in the Union Army.[17]
Feuilleton era
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By the end of the 19th century, French-language newspapers abounded in New England, and in their pages works of fiction were published in installments as serial novels. The term feuilleton, though more broadly used to describe a woman's section or supplementary column in French-language newspapers with non-political news, became synonymous with this type of fiction in the context Franco-American newspapers.[18][19]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lambert_-_Rencontres_et_entretiens%2C_1918.djvu/page1-220px-Lambert_-_Rencontres_et_entretiens%2C_1918.djvu.jpg)
What began with the first publishing of Jeanne de Fileuse soon became a trend as other novels (romans) would be published as feuilletons, in installments over weeks or months, with the most popular reprinted as books, oftentimes by the same press. One of the first woman to publish a feuilleton in the genre was Anna-Marie Duval-Thibault, whose novel Les Deux Testaments was structured as a French soap opera, but sought to capture the customs of the New World. Duval-Thibault would publish the feuilleton in her husband's Fall River newspaper L'Independente in 1888, noting in the paper's preface that the novel was inspired by a desire to contrast "the pens of French writers [which] offer us a picture of different customs unknown to most of our readers. When we are told about the great Parisian world, the life of the nobles or the tricksters of European capitals, we can barely grasp all the nuances and understand all the motives of these artificial beings. In Les Deux Testaments, on the contrary, we only see scenes from Canadian life; it is with us, with all that this work contains meaning and memories".[21][a] While this passage mentions "Canadian life" this, in part, refers to the diaspora in the United States, as Duvay-Thibault herself had lived outside Canada since the age of 3.[22][23]
Among the best known of these early writers was one Louis Tesson, himself a newspaper publisher, who would go on to write three novels Le Sang Noir ("The Black Blood"), Une idylle acadienne ("An Acadian Idyll"), and Un Roman Sans Amour ("A Novel Without Love") in the 1890s, published in Lewiston, Maine's Le Messager.[24]: 312 More famously Tesson would develop methods to broaden his audience by educating the community's illiterate using, le methode Tesson, a phonetic approach.[25]
Interwar period
The era between the two World Wars was notable not solely for its literature but also in its criticism thereof. With the support of the Université Laval, in 1946 Sister Mary-Carmel Therriault wrote the first comprehensive history of Franco American literature, as well as related pieces including the history of New England French, its institutions, journals, publishers, poetry, biographies and folklore. Therriault's account however was not one of praise, and her history regarded the genre as a nascent literary movement by that time— an offshoot of Quebec literature lacking any solitary masterpiece.[26]
By this time, there was increasing support for this diaspora community from those in Quebec. Although some had returned by then, there was an increasing representation both of Franco-American leaders of the church, and the press, in the bodies of Canadian Francophone institutions. One of the most prominent early examples was the Second Congress on the French Language in Canada, which included a committee for measures that could be taken to preserve La Survivance and the bilingual institutions of New England French.[27]
At the end of the Second Congress, there was a proposal to create 12 regional committees in New England, to coordinate the best way to keep the culture alive, and maintain exchange with Quebec to maintain the French language and La Survivance as Franco-Americans. This effort was documented in a large tome called La Croisade Franco-Américaine ("The Franco-American Crusade") published at the end of the Congress with numerous proposals, poetry, and histories of the French-Canadians who had long embraced the identity of New Englanders.[28]
One of the best known novels of the period would Canuck by Camille Lessard-Bissonette. Written in feuilleton form in 1936 for the French newspaper Le Messager of Lewiston, Maine and set in Lowell, Massachusetts, at the time of its publication, its author managed the paper's women's section "Chez-Nous".[10]: 208 The feuilleton was subsequently published as a single volume and was so successful that a newspaper in Lawrence, Massachusetts, reprinted it the following year. The novel has been described as having a fundamental historical, sociological, and literary value.[7]: 282
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sanatorium_%281938%29_cover.png/220px-Sanatorium_%281938%29_cover.png)
Another example of the period that merited mention was Sanitorium by Dr. Paul Dufault. A fictionalized account of his own experiences, the novel, set in
In the years after Canuck, a shift began to take place toward printing novels in English, and indeed even with greater institutional support of French, a period of about 50 years commenced where subsequent novels were written entirely in English.
Unfortunately the
Third generation and assimilation
By the end of the Second World War, a number of social factors had disrupted Franco-American life, and ergo its literature. Families as a unit saw greater dysfunction during the war, and by the end of the 1940s, saw divorces in 2/3 of those whose men returned from the war, something previously almost unprecedented in Franco-American marriages. This followed greater trends in apostasy and intermarriage with a rejection of the community's values, as well as an embrace of Anglicized names as White Americans.[38] A period of monolinguism emerged; while New England French endured in the regional poetry of the era,[39] the most successful Franco American novels were entirely in English and generally stood as rejections of la survivance, emphasizing a traumatic postwar acculturation.[33]
In his treatise on Franco-American literature, Armand Chartier, an ethnic literature scholar, described Jean-Louis "Jack" Kerouac as having a "tragically divided cultural identity", and described his most explicitly Franco-American works as The Town and the City (1950), Doctor Sax (1959), Visions of Gerard (1963), and Satori in Paris (1966).[2]: 28–29 Indeed, while Kerouac has been described as the most famous Franco-American author by some, during his lifetime he underwent a prolonged alienation between his success and his self-identified ethnic roots.[40] Although he would become identified with the "Beat Generation" as a literary movement, with the limited success of his first novel The Town and the City, Kerouac would receive praise in the March 23, 1950 issue of Le Travailleur, from one Yvonne Le Maître, one of the New England Francophone community's most distinguished journalists and critics, who had previously served as a foreign correspondent for The Smart Set, Boston Evening Transcript, and The New Yorker in Paris.[41][42][43] Kerouac was so moved by her largely-positive reception that he wrote her back a letter describing the influence of his Franco-American upbringing on his writing–[44]
"I never spoke English before I was 6 or 7. At 21 I was still somewhat awkward and illiterate in speech and writing. The reason I handled English words so easily is because it is not my own language. I refashion it to fit French images."
Although he wouldn't characterize his writing with the handle "Franco-American literature", in later years Kerouac both embraced the
Several miles from Lowell where Kerouac dwelled, up the
Though her books were successful, they were also seen as a scandal in themselves for their debaucherous and taboo themes, depicting premarital sex and adultery, standing in contrast with Catholic traditions and other works of La Survivance.[49] While Metalious sought to distance herself from her ethnic upbringing, in recent years, her work has been embraced in the context of her heritage by groups like the Franco-American Women's Institute in Brewer, Maine.[50][51][52] In her most famous work, Metalious offered no praise for the Franco community's Catholicism, made no mention of La belle province, the French-language, or any of its associated cultural institutions. In her latter work, No Adam in Eden, Metalious would however draw more from her heritage, albeit in the same negative light. Despite a posthumous embrace of her work by other literary critics, in his paper on Kerouac and Metalious as Franco-American authors, history professor Richard Sorrell summed Metalious's views as–[52]
In effect, No Adam in Eden says there is no hope within one's nationality but it is equally useless to try to rise outside of the group. This life which she led showed that such advice was no more useful in reality than in fiction. Francos may take heart, at least, from the fact that her unhappiness seemed more a function of deficiencies in her ethnic rearing than the inevitable result of trying to maintain survivance in New England.
Echoing in some ways the motifs of Ducharme's The Delusson Family, Gérard Robichaud's Papa Martel represented a departure from the melancholic overtones of the mainstream authors of this era. A series of English-language short stories that have since been described as definitive Maine literature, Papa Martel portrays the Franco American family as accommodating, between French-Canadian Habitant culture and the assimilative influence of postwar America.[33] Though never attaining national fame, the book was widely successful in New England, particularly Maine. In 1985 it would be adapted into a play by the Lewiston-based Maine Acting Company,[53] and in 2000 the Baxter Literary Society of Portland named it one of the state's 100 most influential books.[54] Similarly, though less famous or fictional, was the 1954 As I Live and Dream by Gertrude Coté; a memoir of family history which enjoyed success in her native Maine, it was also written in English, accessible to wider audience.[55][56]
During this period, the French language was absent in New England's published works, and by the 1960s, assimilation and anti-French laws had begun to reduce its prevalence. Though there remained ongoing efforts to maintain bilingualism within government bodies like Maine's Department of Education, even as an asset, ultimately with the decline of the French press and consolidation of media, such efforts saw little success.[57]
Revival era and contemporary works
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While the third generation of Franco-American authors had in some sense finally reached a national audience outside the trappings of literary regionalism, it had become removed from its source material, and bilingualism had, for several decades, given way solely to English. Remarking on the rarity of novels in French and how long it had been since anything but French poetry had been added, one literary critic later remarked "[t]he harvest is rather lean and interspersed with worrying years of famine, a phenomenon that can be explained in large part by the obstacles to be overcome in order to edit works in French in the United States."[58] In an increasingly centralized mass media environment, the private market for French-language publishing in New England had eroded considerably, and only a handful of publishers remained of the dozens of newspapers which once abounded.[4]: 100 For this reason the Franco-American literature of the period went in two different directions. Those who had acculturated into the American mainstream built on the legacy of the third generation in English, such as critically-acclaimed author Robert Cormier and his successful young adult novels, The Chocolate War and I Am the Cheese.
However the 1970s and 1980s would see a brief revival in bilingual Franco American literature thanks to federal support in education. In 1974 Congress amended the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) to include an expanded mandate for bilingual education, which included the funding of what would ultimately become 14 regional "material development centers", creating textbooks and other volumes to further expand on language classes in public schools.
More recent authors like Robert Cormier, John Dufresne, Ernest Hébert, Dorianne Laux, Howard Frank Mosher, Cathie Pelletier, David Plante, Annie Proulx are among those of the contemporary era whose work spans the genre, with branching out into more universal themes, and others drawing on the influence of previous authors in the genre's literary tradition examining Americanism and identity.
Motifs
A common motif across virtually all Franco-American novels until those of the contemporary era, was la survivance. In her history of Franco-American literature, Sister Marie-Carmel Therriault noted the French language appeared in some regard as a character in its own right: a language protected by those of exiles who live in harmony with Quebec, mainly journalists involved in the struggle for the promotion and survival of the French in North America.[26] Some of the subject matter focuses on specifically the issues facing Franco-Americans as a group, while other volumes offered more personal anecdotes. Therriault however would also lament that the collective nature of the genre up through the Interwar period was also to its detriment– "[These works contain] few or no crises of heart; the intimate drama has no place. The heroes seek above all to acclimatize to a new kind of life, that of the immigrant in American land."[66][d] Reacting positively to the fame of the melancholic Kerouac and Metalious, Papa Martel author Gérard Robichaud later remarked that, above all, Franco-American writers, should stop repeating the same themes in their works, among others, of emigration and assimilation, to deal more with universal themes, while retaining a certain ethnic perspective.[67]
While Jeanne la Fileuse was a
Some other examples of divergent attitudes found between Franco-American and Yankee or Anglo-American literature include contrasts such as the following from taken from Vivian Parsons's Lucien-[3]
Category | Franco-American | Anglo-American |
---|---|---|
Religion | Social dominance by church | No dominance by church but Protestant work ethic |
Historical Perspective | Explorers; dispossessed diaspora | Pioneers; institutional founders |
Orientation to Tasks | The means, the process | The goal, its completion |
Personal Identity | Collectivistic/Familial | Individualistic |
Relation to Nature | Accepting/Harmonizing | Mastering/Dominating |
Public Self | Exuberant | Restrained/Relaxed |
Political Tradition | Union of Church and State | Separation of Church and State |
Attitude to Work | Work is "personal" and an ongoing duty | Work is toward gains and achievement |
Critiques
Absence in literary markets
While bilingual counterparts of
Ultimately, most examples of Franco-American literature represented
Despite being an ethnic and linguistic minority, by 1943 historian and writer Jacques Ducharme amassed a library of 400 books written and published by Franco-Americans, including nearly 50 volumes of poetry and prose, however the fact that the population, including its writers, represented millworkers, meant they were not tied to the literary world in caste nor conventions.[73]: 134–135 [70] While writing his dissertation on the subject of Franco-American novels, historian Richard Santerre noted there were few examples of many titles that were publicly available, with some like Duval-Thibault's Les Deux Testaments having sole examples extant in private collections. With many feuilleton titles being solely in French-language newspapers or paperback pamphlets, few copies of the genre remained in circulation, even while records of their titles remain known today.[29]: 7 While Santerre and the NMDC would attempt to rectify this by republishing a number of rare volumes through the 1970s, because of their educational mission rather than commercial, many of the genre's foundational works, including those in Santerre's 9-volume anthologie never saw nationwide distribution.[60]
Relation to New England and Quebec literature
"Franco-American literature" has been differentiated from Yankee New England literature, and Quebec literature by some definitions, but contradictorily is a term which intersects with both. In the 20th century, some of the earliest opinions of critics remained divided on whether such works could be considered their own genre. The French-Canadian writer Louis Dantin, living in Boston for years while publishing literature in Quebec, would once simply posit "there is no Franco-American literature and there never will be."[74] There was some shift in Dantin's attitude in his later years, but only to a point. In reviewing The Delusson Family in the July 1939 issue of Le Jour, Dantin would use the term "Franco-American" to frame the novel, but would also ask of author Jacques Ducharme, "has he come to the point of taking part in the intellectual life, in the literature of his adopted soil?"[75]: 27–28 [e] And even as Ducharme was criticized as a traitor for writing his debut volume in English, he would recount pessimistically in French before a conference of the Société Historique Franco-Américaine— "Let us count our poets today. I know four or five. Our novelists. There are not any. Historians, yes, there are, but so far no one has dared to write a general history of Franco-Americans. It is always local history that concerns us, as well as French Canadians..."[70][f]
To some degree, Franco Americans embraced French-Canadian folklore, including Jos Montferrand, whose story included a purported stint working for the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company of Manchester, and whose name was also synonymous with strength among émigrés as it was in Québec; to say one was strong through the mid-20th century was to say "C'est un Jos Montferrand."[73]: 165 Honoré Beaugrand, who would spend his formative literary years in New England, is not only credited for the first Franco novel, but later wrote the best-known version of La Chasse-galerie. Nevertheless, Franco American literary tastes, particularly those of the late 19th and early 20th century, were in some ways influenced by France more than Canada, as Jacques Ducharme would note–[73]: 218–220
All this [cultural propaganda from France] had its salutary effect, however, for it brought the Franco-Americans back to the source of their genius— France. Relations with Canada had been largely those of family and friends. French-Canadian literature never enjoyed any great vogue in New England; if one consults the feuilletons in newspapers, this is plainly shown, for the majority are by French authors. Only French-Canadian poetry made any impression on the émigrés.
Some works have been embraced by critics and proponents of the handle; the first "roman franco-américain" Jeanne de fileuse was one of the few to transcend cultural boundaries both a seminal work in Quebec literature for its author and the foundation of the Franco-American novel for its place of publication and subject matter.[16][76] In more recent decades the novel has been viewed less as the social commentary it represented at the time of its writing, but rather as a defining piece of literature in the debate of what Franco-American literature is and is not— whether Franco literature is simply an extension of Quebec literature or a genre distinct in its own.[15] In some cases the works of Franco-American authors would depict the emigration to New England as temporary. In The Delusson Family, there is a sense of permanency, while in Mill Village the respective family of the novel returns to Quebec.[77] Another prominent example of overlap between the two genres also include books like Thirty Acres (Trente arpents), considered one of the most influential romans du terror ("rural novels") in Quebec literature, it is also a commentary on the industrialization of New England. The son of its protagonist abandons the family's thirty acres of farmland to seek a new life working in textile mills in America, and ultimately expresses doubts as to the ability for such Québecois identities to remain in the country's Little Canadas, standing in contrast with the optimism of Canuck and Jeanne la Fileuse.[78] Critics have also differentiated pre-World War II Franco-American literature as an extension of Quebec literature for their focus on La Survivance, while a general departure from this has been noted in post-war literature, as well as the use of English rather than French, while Quebec literature is, by its own definition, French-language literature.[74]
In New England literature, the French remained excluded to a degree in a way the Irish initially were, as Catholics, and ergo outsiders not allowed into Protestant institutions for generations.
Notable works
Although lesser-known feuilletons and novels abound, a number of novels of both American and Canadian origin, published initially in French and subsequently in English, have consistently characterized the handle "Franco-American literature".[2][29]
Title | Author | Year | Language |
---|---|---|---|
Jeanne la Fileuse | Honoré Beaugrand | 1875[g] | French |
Un Revenant | Rémi Tremblay | 1884 | French |
Mirbah | Emma Dumas | 1910[h] | French |
Canuck | Camille Lessard-Bissonnette | 1936 | French |
Sanatorium | Paul Dufault | 1938 | French |
The Delusson Family | Jacques Ducharme | 1939 | English |
Mill Village | Albéric A. Archambault | 1943 | English |
The Town and the City | Jack Kerouac | 1950 | English |
Les Enfances de Fanny | Louis Dantin | 1951 | French |
Peyton Place | Grace Metalious | 1956 | English |
Papa Martel | Gérard Robichaud | 1961 | English |
The Family | David Plante | 1978 | English |
Where the Rivers Flow North | Howard Frank Mosher | 1978 | English |
L'Heritage | Robert B. Perreault | 1983 | French |
See also
- Quebec literature
- New England literature
- Literature of Louisiana
- History of the Franco-Americans
- New England French
Notes
- ^ Original in French: "trop souvent les feuilletons sortis de la plume d'écrivains français nous offrent une peinture de moeurs différentes sinon inconnues à la plupart de nos lecteurs. Quand on nous parle du grand monde parisien, de la vie des nobles ou des filous des capitales européennes, on peut à peine saisir toutes les nuances et comprendre tous les mobiles de ces êtres factices. Dans LES DEUX TESTAMENTS, au contraire, on ne voit que des scènes de la vie canadienne; c'est chez nous, avec tout ce que ce mot contient de signification et de souvenirs..."
- ^ Original in French: "L'influence du roman de Jacques Ducharme, The Delusson Family, est cependant moins hypothétique. En fait, The Town and the City peut se lire comme son extension, comme une variante du même genre. Quoique la routine quotidienne des Delusson distingue ce récit du climat d'angoisse et d'aliénation qui règne chez les Martin de Kerouac, certains éléments du roman de Ducharme suggèrent qu'il a pu inspirer Kerouac."
- ^ Also sometimes referred to as the National Development Center for French and Portuguese
- ^ Original in French: Peu ou point de crises d'âmes; le drame intime n'y a pas sa place. Les héros cherchent avant tout à s'acclimater à un nouveau genre de vie, celui de l'émigré en terre américaine.
- ^ Original in French: "En est-il arrivé au point de prendre part à la vie intellectuelle, à la littérature de son sol adoptif?"
- ^ Original in French: "Que faisons-nous? Nous végétons. Nous dormons sur nos lauriers. Je ne parle pas des écoles, mais plutôt de notre vie artistique et littéraire. Comptons nos poètes d'aujourd'hui. J'en connais quatre ou cinq. Nos romanciers. Il n y en a pas. Historiens, oui, il y en a, mais jusqu'ici personne ne s'est avisé de faire une histoire générale des Franco-Américains. C'est toujours l'histoire locale qui nous préoccupe, ainsi que les Canadiens français..."
- ^ The first Franco-American novel in the post-migration era, printed serially in La République in Fall River, Massachusetts; published as a separate volume in 1878.[83]
- ^ Originally published serially in La Justice in Holyoke, Massachusetts under the nom de plume "Emma Port-Joli".
References
- ^ JSTOR 467457– via JSTOR.
- ^ a b c d e f Chartier, Armand B. (1983). "Franco-American Literature: The New England Experience". In Di Pietro, Robert J.; Ifkovic, Edward (eds.). Ethnic Perspectives in American Literature: Selected Essays on the European Contribution. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. pp. 15–43.
- ^ a b c d Daziel, Bradford Dudley (October 7, 1977). Franco-American Fiction: Isolation versus Assimilation in New England (Thesis). University of Vermont – via University of Southern Maine Digital Commons.
- ^ ISBN 9780874513592.
- ^ "French Connections : A Gathering of Franco-American Poets". Franco American Library/Bibliothèque Franco-Américaine. University of Maine. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Nelson Madore; Barry H. Rodrigue (2007). Voyages: A Maine Franco-American Reader. Thomaston, Me.: Tilbury House. p. 268.
The two strongest feuilletons written by Franco-New Englanders, Jeanne la fileuse (Jeanne the Spinner) and Canuck, merit attention today.
- ISBN 9780915432769.
Beaugrand's Jeanne la Fileuse," the first Franco-American novel, depicts a typical situation.
- ^ Belisle, Alexandre (1911). Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis (in French). Worcester, Mass.: L'Opinion Publique.
- ^ a b Albert, Renaud S.; Martin, Andre; Giguere, Madeleine; Allain, Mathe; Brasseaux, Carl A. (May 1979). A Franco-American Overview (PDF). Vol. I. Cambridge, Mass.: National Assessment and Dissemination Center, Lesley College; US Department of Education – via Education Resources Information Center (ERIC).
- ISBN 9780674375123.
- ^ a b Ricard, François (1979–2016). "Beaugrand, Honoré". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ISBN 9780807174562.
- ^ Lemaire, Hervé (May 1979). Madeleine Giguère (ed.). A Franco-American Overview (PDF). Vol. IV. Cambridge, Mass.: National Assessment and Dissemination Center, Lesley College; US Department of Education – via Education Resources Information Center (ERIC).
- ^ a b Shanahan, Brendan (2011). "The Several Lives of Joan the Spinner" (PDF). Journal of Transnational American Studies. III (2). UC Santa Barbara.
- ^ ISBN 9781000308228.
- ^ "Reviews". British Journal of Canadian Studies. XVIII (1). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press: 203. May 2005.
- ^ Michaud, Charlotte; Janelle, Adelard (1974). "Their Origins and Early History". In Lewiston Historical Commission (ed.). Historic Lewiston: Franco-American Origins. Auburn, Me.: Central Main Vocational Technical Institute. p. 25. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020.
Le Messager, a newspaper printed in French, was established by these people in 1880, and it lasted until 1966...Its columns always featured a 'feuilleton' or serial story usually of romantic import that captivated the women of that day as much as today's television operas.
- ^ Anctil, Pierre (1991). "Brokers of Ethnic Identity the Franco-American Petty Bourgeoisie of Woonsocket, Rhode Island (1865-1945)". Quebec Studies. XII (1). American Council for Québec Studies; Liverpool University Press: 41.
With virtually no exception, La Tribune would commission a novelist or writer of some talent to produce an eposodic story called a 'feuilleton,' to be published to be published over a period of many weeks or months.
- ^ Therriault, Marie-Carmel (1946). La Littérature française de Nouvelle-Angleterre (in French). Montréal: Fides/Université Laval.
- ^ Poteet, Maurice (Spring 1980). "Review of [Une réédition : les Deux Testaments, d'Anna-Marie Duval-Thibault]" (PDF). Lettres québécoises. No. 17. pp. 76–77 – via érudit.
- ^ Lacroix, Patrick (March 5, 2020). "Women's History Month: The Franco-American Press". Query the Past. Archived from the original on December 23, 2020.
- ISBN 9781554582396.
- ^ Fecteau, Edward (1945). "Chapter XIII. Franco-American Writers". French Contributions to America. Methuen, Mass.: Soucy Press; Franco-American Historical Society. pp. 299–326.
- ^ Lees, Cynthia (Summer 2010). "Performances of Franco-American identity in Mirbah: a portrait of Precious Blood parish". Quebec Studies. XLIX. American Council for Québec Studies; Liverpool University Press.
- ^ a b Pacini, Peggy (January 2007). "Presence Visible et Invisible de la Langue Française Dans la Litterature Franco-Américaine Contemporaine" (PDF). Glottopol (in French) (9). Université Rouen: 138–150. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2020.
- ^ Adolphe Robert, ed. (1938). La Croisade Franco-américaine; Deuxieme Congres de la Langue Francaise Québec 27 juin au 1er juillet 1937. Compte rendu de la participation des Franco-Américains. Publié par Les Comités Régionaux des États-Unis et le Secrétarial Adjoint. Manchester, N. H.: L'Avenir National.
- ^ "Les Livres". Le Canada-français: 1000. June 1939 – via Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Quebec.
- ^ OCLC 3043922.
- .
- ^ "Paul DUFAULT (1894-1969)". Dictionnaire des auteurs franco-américains de langue française (in French). Worcester, Mass.: Assumption College. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020.
- ISBN 9782763777306– via Google Books.
- ^ .
- – via érudit.
- ^ Bernard, Harry (1949). Le roman régionaliste aux États-Unis, 1913-1940 (in French). Montréal: Fides. pp. 64–65.
- Identité Culturelle et Francophonie dans les Amériques (PDF). Vol. III. Quebec City, QC: International Center for Research on Bilingualism, Université Laval. p. 75 – via Education Resources Information Center (ERIC).
Le premier roman Franco - Americana ecrit pour le grand public americain fut The Delusson Family par Jacques Ducharme, ancien redacteur de La Justice de Holyoke, Massachusetts. Ce roman nous raconte l'histoire de l'immigration et de l'kablissement de la famille Delusson dans un centre industrial de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Le roman fut un grand succes chez les libraires.
[The first Franco-American novel written for the general public in America was The Delusson Family by Jacques Ducharme, former editor of La Justice of Holyoke, Massachusetts. This novel tells us the story of immigration and the establishment of Delusson family in a New England industrial center. The novel was a great success with booksellers.]
- Identité Culturelle et Francophonie dans les Amériques (PDF). Vol. III. Quebec City, QC: International Center for Research on Bilingualism, Université Laval. p. 75 – via Education Resources Information Center (ERIC).
- doi:10.7202/200726ar– via Erudit.
- ^ Miles, Barry (1998). Jack Kerouac, King of the Beats: A Portrait. New York: H. Holt. pp. 161–162.
- doi:10.7202/801562ar.
- ^ Chassé, Paul P., ed. (1976). Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre (in English and French). Providence, R.I.: Rhode Island Bicentennial Commission.
- ^ Barkan, Elliott Robert (2001). "Kerouac, Jean-Louis 'Jack'". Making It in America: A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans. ABC-CLIO. p. 174.
- ISBN 9781137014498.
- ^ "Yvonne LE MAITRE (1876-1954)". Dictionnaire des auteurs franco-américains de langue française (in French). Worcester, Mass.: Assumption College. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020.
- – via érudit.
- ^ Dickson, Robert (Autumn 1987). "Of books and men: Ti-Jean, Patrice, Robert et les autres..." (PDF). Liaison. No. 44. pp. 5–6.
- ^ William F. Buckley Jr., Jack Kerouac. Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.: The Hippies. Event occurs at 8:25.
See Ginsberg and I, we're all in our forties and we started this, and the kids took it up and everything. But a lot of hoods, hoodlums, and Communists jumped on our backs. Well, on my back, not his. Ferlinghetti jumped on my back and turned the idea that I had that the "Beat Generation" was a generation of beatitude, and pleasure in life, and tenderness, but they called it in the papers, "Beat Mutiny", "Beat Insurrection." Words I never used. Being a Catholic, I believe in order, tenderness, and piety.
- Democracy Now. Event occurs at 21:48 – via Youtube.
[Ginsberg] was also a genius poet and a genius publicist. I feel that without Allen Ginsberg there would not have been any "Beat Generation" recognized as such, it would just have been great separate writers in the landscape, but Allen, he created the whole thing himself.
- ^ Jack Kerouac parle de Céline. Radio-Canada. 1959 – via Youtube.
- ISBN 9780600402923.
Her best-known novel Peyton Place (1956) had sold 9,600,000 copies by 1965, to become the best-selling novel of all time.
- ^ Neuhaus, Cable (September 28, 1981). "25 Years After Peyton Place, Her New Hampshire Town has not Forgiven Grace Metalious". People. Vol. XVI, no. 13. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018.
- ^ "Great Links for Grace Metalious". Franco-American Women's Institute. Brewer, Me. Archived from the original on July 5, 2016.
- ISBN 9781604736311.
- ^ JSTOR 467594– via JSTOR.
- ^ Myers, Rob (October 11, 1985). "Maine Acting Company Sets Roots in Lewiston". The Bates Student. Vol. CXV, no. 6. Bates College. p. 9.
- ^ a b Heureux, Juliana (2003). "Papa Martel; A Book Review by Juliana L'Heureux". Portland, Me.: Portland Press Herald. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018.
- ^ "Rumford Mother Writes Book And Cares for Family of Nine". Portland Sunday Tribune. Portland, Me. May 2, 1954 – via Maine State Library.
- ^ Dion-Lévesque, Rosaire (1957). "Mme Gertrude Coté; de Rumford, Maine". Silhouettes franco-américaines. Manchester, N.H.: Association Canado-Américaine. pp. 170–174.
- ^ Hickel, Raymond A. (October 1965). Edward F. Booth (ed.). "Teaching French to Francos in America- a Controversial Problem, as candidly seen by Raymond A. Hickel" (PDF). Maine Foreign Language Bulletin. XII (1). Augusta, Me.: Maine State Dept. of Education.
- .
- ^ Annual Report. United States National Advisory Council on Bilingual Education. 1977. p. 3.
In 1974, the Ninety-third Congress recognized these historical conditions and amended the Elementary and Secondary Education (ESEA) Act of 1965 and expanded the mandate for bilingual education
- ^ ISBN 9782894483916.
- ISBN 9781496207135.
- ISBN 9780313330612.
- ^ a b "Nouveau Roman Franco-Americain; L'Heritage". l'unité (in French). Vol. VII, no. 7. Lewiston, Me. September 1983. p. 1.
- ISBN 9782922109320.
- ISBN 9782760301580.
- ^ a b c Bernard, Harry (1949). Le roman régionaliste aux États-Unis, 1913-1940 (in French). Montréal: Fides. pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b Perrault, Robert B. (September 1987). "Actualités: Un colloque bien réussi". No. 44. Les Éditions l'Interligne. pp. 9–10.
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(help) - ^ Pacini, Peggy (2014). "4. Franco-American Writers: In-visible Authors in the Global Market". In Cécile Cottenet (ed.). Race, Ethnicity and Publishing in America. palgrave macmillan. pp. 95–119.
- ^ Identité Culturelle et Francophonie Dans Les Amériques (PDF). Vol. III. Quebec City, QC: International Center for Research on Bilingualism, Université Laval. p. 75 – via Education Resources Information Center (ERIC).
Le premier roman Franco - Americana ecrit pour le grand public americain fut The Delusson Family par Jacques Ducharme, ancien redacteur de La Justice de Holyoke, Massachusetts. Ce roman nous raconte l'histoire de l'immigration et de l'kablissement de la famille Delusson dans un centre industrial de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Le roman fut un grand succes chez les libraires.
[The first Franco-American novel written for the general public in America was The Delusson Family by Jacques Ducharme, former editor of La Justice of Holyoke, Massachusetts. This novel tells us the story of immigration and the establishment of Delusson family in a New England industrial center. The novel was a great success with booksellers.] - ^ a b c d Jacques, Jacques (1942). "En Marge D'Un Livre". Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-Américaine: 8–18.
- ^ "Catholic Book Club Archives". America; The Jesuit Review. America Press; Society of Jesus. January 30, 2015.
- ^ https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/haf/1900-v1-n1-haf3164/801501ar.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ OCLC 5824785.
- ^ a b Lees, Cynthia C. (2006). Border Spaces and La Survivance: The Evolution of the Franco-American Novel of New England (1875–2004) (PDF) (Thesis). University of Florida.
- ^ Chartier, Armand (1991). "La situation littéraire chez les Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle-Angleterre à la fin du XXe siècle". Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre (in French). Les Presses de l’Université Laval. pp. 23–51.
- ^ Lacroix, Patrick (January 16, 2020). "Placemen, Knights, and Laborers: The Politics of Jeanne la Fileuse". Query the Past. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020.
- S2CID 159701425.
- .
- ^ Kelling, Lucile (January 1940). United States Mural. The University of North Carolina Library Extension Publication. p. 8.
- OCLC 123220631.
- ^ "6 Famous Franco-American Writers from New England". New England Historical Society. 17 January 2018. Archived from the original on February 24, 2019.
- ^ Donovan, Josephine (December 2002). "Jewett on Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Imperialism: A Reply to Her Critics". Colby Quarterly. 38 (4). Waterville, Me.: 403–416 – via The Sarah Orne Jewett Text Project.
- ^ Giguère, Madeleine (April 8, 1978). "The French Connection: An American Retrospect". First International Symposium on the Franco-American Presence in America – via University of Southern Maine.
Further reading
- Chassé, Paul P., ed. (1976). Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre (in English and French). Providence, R.I.: Rhode Island Bicentennial Commission.
- Daziel, Bradford Dudley (October 7, 1977). Franco-American Fiction: Isolation versus Assimilation in New England (Thesis). University of Vermont – via University of Southern Maine Digital Commons.
- Fecteau, Edward (1945). "Chapter XIII. Franco-American Writers". French Contributions to America. Methuen, Mass.: Soucy Press; Franco-American Historical Society. pp. 299–326.
- Pinette, Susan (2012). La Langue est gardienne': French language and Identity in Franco-American Literature (Thesis). Orono, Me.: Franco-American Centre, University of Maine.
- Poteet, Maurice, ed. (1987). "III. Textes Littéraires". Textes de l'exode : recueil de textes sur l'émigration des Québécois aux États-Unis, XIXe et XXe siècles (in French). Montréal: Editeur Guérin Ltée. ISBN 9782760118768.
- Quintal, Claire (1992). La littérature franco-américaine: écrivains et écritures (in French). Worcester, Mass.: Institut français, Collège de l'Assomption. ISBN 9781880261002– via HathiTrust.
- Therriault, Marie-Carmel (1946). La Littérature française de Nouvelle-Angleterre (in French). Montréal: Fides/Université Laval.
- Cote Robbins, Rhea (2014). Franco-American Women: The Literary Situation and the Deprivation of Story for the Generations--Past, Present and Future--Who Stands to Lose (Thesis). Orono, Me.: University of Maine.
External links
- Literary Works--Fiction, Franco American Library/Bibliothèque Franco-Américaine, University of Maine
- Franco-American Women's Institute, Franco-American Women's Institute
- Franco-American Writers-Composers, The Franco-American Connection
- Resonance, a bilingual Franco-American literary journal, UMaine