Nikolai Kuznetsov (admiral)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013) |
Nikolai Kuznetsov | |
---|---|
Soviet Pacific Fleet | |
Battles/wars | Spanish Civil War Winter War World War II |
Awards | Hero of the Soviet Union |
Other work | Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1924–1956) |
Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (
Biography
Early years and career
Kuznetsov was born into a Serbian peasant family in the village of Medvedki, Velikoustyuzhsky Uyezd, Vologda Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Kotlassky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia).[1]
In 1919, Kuznetsov joined the Northern Dvina Naval Flotilla, having added two years to his age to make himself eligible to serve. In 1920, he was stationed at
That same year, he joined the Communist Party.
Upon graduation from the
Kuznetsov successfully applied for the post of executive officer on the cruiser Krasnyi Kavkaz. Within a year, the young officer earned his next promotion. In 1934, he returned to the Chervona Ukraina, this time as her commander. Under Kuznetsov, the ship became an outstanding example of discipline and organization, quickly drawing attention to her young captain.
From 5 September 1936 to 15 August 1937, Kuznetsov served as the Soviet naval attaché and chief naval advisor to Republican Spain.[3]: 165 During the early stages of the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 he developed a strong dislike of fascism.[4]
On returning home, on January 10, 1938, he was promoted to the rank of flag officer, 2nd rank, and given command of the Pacific Fleet. While in this position, he came face to face with Stalin's purge of the military. Kuznetsov himself was never implicated, but many of the officers under his command were. Kuznetsov resisted the purges at every step, and his intervention saved the lives of many Soviet officers.
On 28 April 1939, Kuznetsov, still only thirty-four, was appointed the
The Second World War
Kuznetsov played a crucial role during the first hours of the war – at this pivotal moment, his resolve and blatant disregard for orders averted the destruction of the
Shortly after midnight on the morning of June 22, Kuznetsov ordered all Soviet fleets to battle readiness. At 3:15 am that same morning, the Wehrmacht began Operation Barbarossa.[7] The Soviet Navy was the only branch of the military in the highest state of combat readiness at the start of the initial German push.
In the following two years, Kuznetsov's primary concern was the protection of the Caucasus from a German invasion. Throughout the war, the
The first fall
From 1946 to 1947 he was the Deputy Minister of the USSR Armed Forces and
In 1947 he was removed from his post on Stalin's orders and in 1948 he, as well as several other admirals were put on trial by the Naval Tribunal. Kuznetsov was demoted to
In 1951 Stalin ended Kuznetsov's pariah status, once again placing him in command of the Navy (as the Minister of the Navy of the USSR), but without restoring his military rank, which was returned to him upon Stalin's death in 1953. In the same year, he became the First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. In 1955, Kuznetsov was made Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces. His rank was raised to
The second fall and retirement
His newfound prominence brought him into direct conflict with now Defense Minister Marshal Zhukov, with whom he had clashed during the war years. On December 8, 1955, using the loss of the battleship Novorossiysk as a pretext, Zhukov removed the Admiral from his post. The commission that inspected the ship's loss was headed by Vyacheslav Malyshev and its findings were used by Zhukov to blame Kuznetsov. In February 1956 he was again demoted to the rank of vice-admiral, retired and expressly forbidden "any and all work connected with the navy."
During his retirement he wrote and published many essays and articles, as well as several longer works, including his memoirs and an officially sanctioned book, "With a Course for Victory", which dealt with the Patriotic War. His memoirs, unlike those of many other prominent leaders, were written by him personally and are noted for their style.
Kuznetsov also authored several books on the war, on Stalin's repressions, and on the navy which were published
Rehabilitation and legacy
After the retirement of Zhukov in 1957, and of Khrushchev in 1964, a group of naval veterans began a campaign addressed to the Soviet leadership to restore Kuznetsov's rank, with all benefits, and to make him one of the General Inspectors of the Ministry of Defence. Invariably, these requests fell on deaf ears. Not until July 26, 1988, under Andrey Gromyko did the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR reinstate Kuznetsov to his former rank of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union. Kuznetsov is now recognized as one of the most prominent men in the history of the Soviet and, today, of the Russian Navy. In recognition, the Russian Navy's largest surface warship, its only remaining aircraft carrier, is named in his honor.
Death
Kuznetsov died on 6 December, 1974 in
Dates of rank
Personal ranks for the Russian Navy were abolished in 1918, and were only restored in 1935, excepting the various ranks of admiral which were not restored until 1940.
- Enlisted seaman (1919–1922)
- Naval cadet, M.V. Frunze Higher Naval School (1923)
- Graduated with honours
- Appointed assistant ship commander 4th rank (Junior Lieutenant/Ensign) (5 October 1926)
- Successively senior assistant ship commander (Executive Officer) 3rd rank (Senior Lieutenant/sub-lieutenant)
- Senior assistant ship commander 2nd rank (Captain-Lieutenant/Lieutenant)
- Ship commander 2nd rank (Captain 3rd rank/Lieutenant-Commander) (1926–1929)
- Senior Assistant Ship Commander (Executive Officer) 1st Rank (Captain 2nd rank/Commander) (1932)
- Captain 1st Rank (Captain) (August 1937)
- Flag Officer 2nd Rank (2 February 1938)
- Fleet Flag Officer 2nd Rank (3 April 1939)
- Admiral (4 June 1940)
- Admiral of the Fleet (31 May 1944)
- Admiral of the fleet equated to Marshal of the Soviet Union (25 May 1945)
- Rear Admiral(10 February 1948)
- Vice-Admiral(27 January 1951)
- Admiral of the Fleet(13 May 1953)
- Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union (3 March 1955)
- Vice-Admiral (demoted) (17 February 1956)
- Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union (restored posthumously) (26 July 1988)
Honours and awards
- Soviet Union
- Marshal's Star(1955)
- Honorary weapon – sword inscribed with national emblem of the Soviet Union (1932)
- Foreign
Order of Military Merit (Mongolia, 1972) | |
Medal for the Liberation of Korea (North Korea, 1945) | |
Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st degree (Poland, 1945) | |
Knight's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland, 1945) | |
Medal of Victory and Freedom (Poland, 1945) | |
Order of National Liberation (Yugoslavia , 1946)
| |
Order of the Partisan Star, 1st class (Yugoslavia, 1946) |
Quotes
"My whole life has been the Soviet Navy. I made my choice when young and have never regretted it."
See also
- Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier
- Marko Voinovich
- Marko Ivelich
- Matija Zmajević
- Nikolai Dimitrievich Dabić
References
- ISBN 9780735224483.
- ISBN 9780735224483.
- JSTOR 24657802.
- ^ Kuznet︠s︡ov, Nikolaĭ Gerasimovich (1990). Memoirs of wartime Minister of the Navy. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
- ^ "Текст приказа Н. Г. Кузнецова". sovinformburo.com.
- ^ Кто и как ошибался в надписях на петербургских памятниках? [Who made mistakes and how in the inscriptions on Petersburg monuments?]. online812.ru. 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ Kirchubel 2007, pp. 33–34.
- Kirchubel, Robert (2007). Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group Center. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-107-6.
- Kuznetsov, Admiral Memoirs of the Wartime Minister of the Navy Moscow Progress Publishers 1990 ISBN 5010025566