Ninhydrin

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Ninhydrin
Ninhydrin
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione
Other names
2,2-Dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione
1,2,3-Indantrione hydrate
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.006.926 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 213-340-1
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C9H6O4/c10-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(11)9(7,12)13/h1-4,12-13H checkY
    Key: FEMOMIGRRWSMCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C9H6O4/c10-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(11)9(7,12)13/h1-4,12-13H
    Key: FEMOMIGRRWSMCU-UHFFFAOYAM
  • O=C2c1ccccc1C(=O)C2(O)O
Properties
C9H6O4
Molar mass 178.143 g·mol−1
Appearance White solid
Density 0.862 g/cm3
Melting point 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K) (decomposes)
20 g L−1[1]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H302, H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Ninhydrin (2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2C(OH)2. It is used to detect ammonia and amines. Upon reaction with these amines, ninhydrin gets converted into deep blue or purple derivatives, which are called Ruhemann's purple. Ninhydrin is most commonly used to detect fingerprints in forensic cases, as the terminal amines of lysine residues in peptides and proteins sloughed off in fingerprints react with ninhydrin.[2][3]

Ninhydrin is a white solid that is soluble in ethanol and acetone.[1] Ninhydrin can be considered as the hydrate of indane-1,2,3-trione.

History

Ninhydrin was discovered in 1910 by the German-English chemist Siegfried Ruhemann (1859–1943).[4][5] In the same year, Ruhemann observed ninhydrin's reaction with amino acids.[6] In 1954, Swedish investigators Oden and von Hofsten proposed that ninhydrin could be used to develop latent fingerprints.[7][8]

Uses

Ninhydrin can be used in Kaiser test to monitor

solid phase peptide synthesis.[9] The chain is linked via its C-terminus to the solid support, with the N-terminus
extending off it. When that nitrogen is deprotected, a ninhydrin test yields blue. Amino-acid residues are attached with their N-terminus protected, so if the next residue has been successfully coupled onto the chain, the test gives a colorless or yellow result.

Ninhydrin is also used in qualitative analysis of proteins. Most of the amino acids, except proline, are hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin. Also, certain amino acid chains are degraded. Therefore, separate analysis is required for identifying such amino acids that either react differently or do not react with ninhydrin at all. The rest of the amino acids are then quantified colorimetrically after separation by chromatography.

A solution suspected of containing the

thin layer chromatography (TLC), the reagent can also be used (usually 0.2% solution in either n-butanol or in ethanol). It will detect, on the TLC plate, virtually all amines, carbamates and also, after vigorous heating, amides
.

Upon reaction with ninhydrin, amino acids undergo

cave bears.[11] Release of the carboxyl carbon (via ninhydrin) from amino acids recovered from soil that has been treated with a labeled substrate demonstrates assimilation of that substrate into microbial protein.[12] This approach was successfully used to reveal that some ammonium oxidizing bacteria, also called nitrifying bacteria use urea as a carbon source in soil.[13]

A stain obtained after a thumbprint is treated with ninhydrin.

Forensics

A ninhydrin solution is commonly used by

porous surfaces such as paper. The amino acids present in the minute sweat secretions that gather on the finger's unique ridges transfer to surfaces that are touched. Exposure of the surface to ninhydrin converts the amino acids into visibly colored products and thus reveals the print.[14] The test solutions suffer from poor long-term stability, especially if not kept cold.[15]

To further enhance the ability of ninhydrin, a solution of

1,2-indandione and zinc chloride (IND-Zn) can be used prior to ninhydrin. This sequence leads to greater overall reaction of the amino acids, possibly by IND-Zn helping to release them from the surface for the subsequent ninhydrin reaction.[16]

Reactivity

Ninhydrin exists in equilibrium with the triketone indane-1,2,3-trione, which reacts readily with nucleophiles (including water). Whereas for most carbonyl compounds, a carbonyl form is more stable than a product of water addition (hydrate), ninhydrin forms a stable hydrate of the central carbon because of the destabilizing effect of the adjacent carbonyl groups.

To generate the ninhydrin chromophore [2-(1,3-dioxoindan-2-yl)iminoindane-1,3-dione], the amine must condense to give a Schiff base. The reaction of ninhydrin with secondary amines gives an iminium salt, which is also coloured, generally being yellow–orange.

Effects on health

Ninhydrin may cause allergic, IgE-mediated rhinitis and asthma.[17] A case has been described in which a 41 year old forensic laboratory worker working with Ninhydrin developed rhinitis and respiratory difficulty. Her specific IgE levels were found almost doubled.[17]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ninhydrin.

References

  1. ^ a b Chemicals and reagents, 2008–2010, Merck
  2. ^ "Fingerprinting Analysis". Bergen County Technical Schools. June 2003. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007.
  3. ISBN 9780471238966
    .
  4. doi:10.1039/ct9109701438
    .
  5. doi:10.1021/ed042p386
    .
  6. doi:10.1039/ct9109702025
    .
  7. S2CID 4187222
    .
  8. ^ Oden, Svante. "Process of Developing Fingerprints". U.S. Patent no. 2,715,571 (filed: 27 September 1954; issued: 16 August 1955).
  9. PMID 5443684
    .
  10. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1999.tb00857.x
    .
  11. S2CID 23508811
    .
  12. PMID 14979690.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  13. S2CID 6245255.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  14. ISBN 0862522307
  15. S2CID 214732288
    .
  16. PMID 26385717
    .
  17. ^
    PMID 9272939
    .
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