Nishmat

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Jewish prayer. For the women's institution, see Nishmat (midrasha).

Nishmat (

Passover seder.[1]

Shochen Ad

Shochen Ad, שׁוֹכֵן עַד (Translated as He Who abides forever or He Who dwells in eternity) is a short prayer which is embedded in

Ashkenazi texts of Nishmat. Its text is based on Isaiah 57:15.[2]

Shochen Ad is notable because it marks the beginning of the service for the

chazzan
of the Shacharit on Shabbat. (In the Sephardic tradition, which does not recite Shochen Ad, the chazzan begins at Shav'at Aniyim (שַׁוְעַת עֲנִיִים) instead.)

On the

High Holidays, the chazzan begins on the word Hamelekh (המלך) within that verse, as during these days, an emphasis is placed on recognition of God as King.[4] It is also described in Sefer HaChaim that loudly chanting the word Hamelekh has the effect of driving away accusers from the throne of judgement.[5] Additionally, the letter ה is dropped off the word היושב, alluding to the fact that now God is sitting on the throne.[6]

Befi Yesharim

After Shochen Ad are four lines of three verses each. The second word in each of these verses begin with the Hebrew letters י,צ,ח,ק, forming the acronym יצחק (Yitzchak, Isaac). Furthermore, in the Sephardic siddur, and on

Machzor Vitry does not have the Rivkah acronym,[8] surviving texts from the Cairo Geniza do have it.[10]

Themes and ideas

It is prized by halakhic authorities because the concepts covered in this prayer are basic to halakha.[11] Nishmat is considered one of the masterpieces of Jewish liturgy. It is seen as a journey of self-discovery, describing God as a source of prayer.[12]

Nishmat and Yishtabach are in some ways considered to be one long blessing, abridged just to Yishtabach on weekdays when there is no time to recite the entire prayer.[13]

In this prayer, the word Nishmat (the combining form of Nishmah נִשְׁמָה‎ '

breath') that begins the prayer is related to the word neshama (נְשָׁמָה‎ 'soul'), suggesting that the soul is part of the breath of all life.[14] The theme of the prayer is the uniqueness of God.[15]

Some hold that answers to certain issues of Jewish law (halakha) can be derived from the prayer Nishmat. The commandment "Do not lie idly by the blood of your neighbor" requires a person to rescue another s/he sees is in danger. But from Nishmat, it can be seen that one who is not physically present where the danger is taking place is exempt from performing any rescue action.[16] Some examples of this include the obligation to rescue a person from a burning building in one's own location, but an exemption from the obligation to donate an organ when doing so can save a life (though doing so is still permitted).[17]

The opening words of Nishmat ("the soul of every living thing"), as well as the phrase "creator of all souls" in some versions of Yishtabach, allude to Psalms 150:6 ("All souls shall praise God..."), which was once the final verse of Pesukei Dezimra recited before Nishmat and Yishtabach.

Origin

Nishmat is believed to have been composed in the early

Rabbi Yochanan (Talmud, b. Berakhot 59b).[21]

Nishmat became a standard part of the liturgy by the time of

Mahzor Vitry and Kol Bo.[24]

The exact author of the prayer is not known. Based on the acrostic arrangement in Befi Yesharim, some scholars have suggested that Nishmat was authored by a man named Yitzchak with a wife named Rivka, but others have dismissed this idea.[25]

Some scholars have suggested that the author's name may have been Shimon (שמעון, Simon) from an acrostic within the prayer, and have considered this could be

Apostle Peter, whose Hebrew name was Shimon, which would place the date of authorship in the first century C.E.[26][27] The latter theory is often cited in conjunction with a rabbinic legend that Simon Peter was an agent of the Sanhedrin who infiltrated early Christianity in order to differentiate it from Judaism so that Jews would not be easily attracted to it.[28]

References

  1. ^ Preparing your heart for Passover: a guide for spiritual readiness By Kerry M. Olitzky, page 82
  2. ^ Mishkan T'filah: Weekdays/Festivals, non-transliterated By Elyse Frishman, editor, page 185
  3. ^ Sefer Maharil, Spitzer edition, page 141, footnote B1 (in bottom right corner).
  4. ^ Rite and reason: 1050 Jewish customs and their sources By Shmuel Pinchas Gelbard, page 246
  5. ^ The Complete Artscroll Machzor for Rosh Hashanah, page 404
  6. ^ A guide to Jewish religious practice By Isaac Klein, page 185. Note that the hey appears like the rest of the year in all manuscripts and was dropped later, see Daniel Goldschmidt, Rosh Hashanah Machzor, page 43.
  7. Sefer Abudirham
    , Shacharit shel Shabbat
  8. ^ a b THE LINES THAT FOLLOW שוכן עד
  9. ^ The Complete Artscroll Machzor for Rosh Hashanah, page 405
  10. ^ Cairo Geniza Ms Vienna 96 in Ezra Fleischer, Eretz Yisrael Prayer and Prayer Customs, (1988) Magnes.
  11. ^ My People's Prayer Book: Shabbat morning : Shacharit and Musaf By Lawrence A. Hoffman, page 45, 58
  12. ^ Finding our way: Jewish texts and the lives we lead today By Barry W. Holtz, page 115
  13. ^ Festival of freedom: essays on Pesah and the Haggadah By Joseph Dov Soloveitchik, Joel B. Wolowelsky, Reuven Ziegler, page 112
  14. ^ The Book of Blessings: New Jewish Prayers for Daily Life, the Sabbath, and ... By Marcia Falk, page 490
  15. ^ 1,001 Questions and Answers on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur By Jeffrey M. Cohen, page 166
  16. ^ J. David Bleich, Contemporary Halakhic Problems, volume 4 page 310
  17. ^ J. David Bleich, Contemporary Halakhic Problems, volume 4 page 314
  18. Pesahim
    118a
  19. ^ Why We Pray What We Pray By Rabbi Dr. Barry Freundel, page 84
  20. ^ My People's Prayer Book: Shabbat morning : Shacharit and Musaf By Lawrence A. Hoffman, page 59
  21. ISBN 9789653010673
    .
  22. ^ The contemplative soul: Hebrew poetry and philosophical theory in medieval Spain By Adena Tanenbaum, pages 17-18
  23. ^ Why We Pray What We Pray By Rabbi Dr. Barry Freundel, page 91
  24. ^ Why We Pray What We Pray By Rabbi Dr. Barry Freundel, page 93
  25. ^ 1,001 Questions and Answers on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur By Jeffrey M. Cohen, page 167
  26. ^ "Remembering Simon Peter".
  27. ^ "Zutot 2003 [electronic resource]". 2005.
  28. ^ Breitowitz, Rabbi Dr Yitzchak (2018-12-17). "Three Days of Darkness: The Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth of Tevet". Jewish Holidays. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
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