Non-conformists of the 1930s
The non-conformists of the 1930s were groups and individuals during the
Main currents
Three main currents of non-conformists may be distinguished:
- The journal Esprit, founded in 1931 by Emmanuel Mounier and which was the main mouthpiece of personalism.
- The Ordre nouveau (New Order) group, created by Alexandre Marc and influenced by Robert Aron and Arnaud Dandieu's works. Charles de Gaulle would have some contacts with them between the end of 1934 and the beginning of 1935.[1] Jean Coutrot, who became during the Popular Front vice-president of the Committee of Scientific Organisation of Labour of the Minister Charles Spinasse, participated in the technical reunions of Ordre nouveau.[3]
- The Jeune Droite (Young Right — a term coined by Mounier) that gathered young intellectuals who had more or less broken with the monarchist Action Française, including Jean de Fabrègues, Jean-Pierre Maxence, Thierry Maulnier, Maurice Blanchot, as well as the journals Les Cahiers, Réaction pour l'ordre, La Revue française or La Revue du Siècle.
These
collectivism, oriented towards a "federalist
," "communautary and personalist" organisation of social relations.
The Non-Conformists were influenced both by French
Conservative Revolutionary movement.[6] They were in favor of decentralization, underscored the importance of intermediary bodies, and opposed finance capitalism.[6]
The movement was close to
left–right distinction in politics.[8]
After the
Groupe X-Crise. They influenced both Vichy's Révolution nationale (Jeune France, Ecole des cadres d'Uriage, etc.) and political programs of the Resistance (Combat, Défense de la France, OCM, etc.) In November 1941, René Vincent, in charge of Vichy censorship services, created the journal Idées (1941–44) which gathered the Non-Conformists who supported Marshal Philippe Pétain's regime.[9]
Post-war legacy
After World War II, many of these Non-Conformists (
Centre International de Formation Européenne
(CIFE) in 1954, which lives on to this day.
Breaking with part of its legacy, Esprit involved itself in New Left movements and would also influence in the 1970s the "Second Left", gathered around the Unified Socialist Party (PSU).
After
Christian Democracy
.
Abroad, the Non-Conformists found an audience in Quebec between the 1930s to the 1970s or among Eastern European dissidents, and would also influence Catholic circles in the second half of the 20th century.
See also
- Claude Chevalley, a non-conformist who became a member of the Bourbaki group
- Distributism, an economic movement of a similar milieu
- Neosocialism
- Personalism
- Planisme
- Groupe X-Crise
- Interwar France
- Greatest Generation
- Generation Gap
References
- ^ EHESSwebsite (in French)
- ISBN 978-0-7735-2376-0.
- ^ Biographical notice of Jean Coutrot, Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po (in French)
- ^ Prospectus de présentation de la revue "Esprit" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, presented by Alain-Gérard Slama, on-line course of Sciences Po, 18 May 2007 (in French)
- ^ Jean-Louis Loubet del Bayle, A 2001 Interview (p.3) in the Revue Jibrile (in French)
- ^ a b Jean-Louis Loubet del Bayle, A 2001 Interview (p.4) in the Revue Jibrile (in French)
- ^ Jean-Louis Loubet del Bayle, A 2001 Interview (p.5) in the Revue Jibrile (in French)
- ^ Jean-Louis Loubet del Bayle, A 2001 Interview (p.6) in the Revue Jibrile (in French)
- ISBN 2-296-01038-5(in French)
- ^ Janpier Dutrieux 2006 Personnaliste et fédéraliste, le monde d’Alexandre Marc (in French)
Bibliography
- Robert Aron, Décadence de la nation française (1931)
- Arnaud Dandieu, Le Cancer américain (1931)
- Daniel-Rops, Les Années tournantes (1932) and Le Monde sans âme
- Alexandre Marc, Jeune Europe (1933)
- Aron & Dandieu, La Révolution nécessaire (1933)
- Denis de Rougemont, Politique de la personne (1934)
Further reading
- Pierre Andreu, Révoltes de l'esprit.Les revues des années 30, Kime, 1999
- Michel Berges,Vichy contre Mounier. Les non-conformistes face aux années 40, Economica, 1997
- ISBN 978-2-02-048701-6
- Christophe Le Dréau,« L’Europe des non-conformistes des années 30 : les idées européistes de New Britain et New Europe», in Olivier Dard & Etienne Deschamps (sous la dir.), Les nouvelles relèves en Europe, Bruxelles, Peter Lang, 2005, pp. 311–330.
- Jean Touchard, "L'Esprit des années 1930: Une Tentative de renouvellement de la pensée politique française," in Tendances politiques de la vie française depuis 1789 (Paris: Hachette, 1960), 89-118
External links
- Jean-Louis Loubet del Bayle, Le mouvement personnaliste français des années 1930 et sa postérité in the review Politique et Sociétés, Vol. 17, nos 1–2, 1998