North Koreans in Russia
Total population | |
---|---|
34,217[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Russian Far East | |
Languages | |
Korean, Russian | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Koryo-saram |
North Koreans in Russia consist mainly of three groups:
Aside from
Migration history
Students
During the post-
Workers
In the late 1940s, roughly 9,000 North Korean migrant workers were recruited by the Soviet government to work in state-owned fisheries on Sakhalin.[8] Between 1946 and 1949, one researcher estimated that 50,000 North Koreans went to the Kamchatka Peninsula. Several thousand Kamchatka Koreans refused repatriation orders, which created a community that exists to this day.[9]
Another 25,000 workers also came to work in
However, the most recent influx of North Korean workers, which began under the government of Vladimir Putin, is composed of volunteers seeking to escape unemployment and poverty at home. Most are from Pyongyang; recruitment companies prefer workers from urban areas, as they are believed to adapt better to life in other countries. By 2006, more than 10,000 North Koreans entered Russia on work visas annually, largely headed for the Russian Far East. They are closely monitored by North Korean security forces to prevent defections; many report being paid in scrip rather than legal currency.[10] In 2009, the North Korean government was estimated to earn roughly US$7 million each year in foreign exchange through their workers in Russia.[12] In 2010, reports came out from Nakhodka indicating that North Korean workers and traders there had been evacuated back to their home country due to rising military tensions with South Korea.[13] In 2011, Kim Jong Il made a visit to Russia in which he reportedly negotiated for even more North Korean workers to be sent to Russia.[14] Up to 70% of the $40 to $100 per month wages earned by the workers are reported to be taken away as "loyalty payments".[15]
Refugees
The decline of the
See also
References
- ^ "ФМС России". Archived from the original on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
- ^ a b Lee, Jeanyoung (2006), "Migration, Ethnicity and Citizenship: Ethnic-Korean Returnees in the Russian Far East" (PDF), Asia Culture Forum, Inha University, retrieved 2006-11-23[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 89-88095-18-9
- ^ Ishikida, Miki (2005), Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan, Center for US-Japan Comparative Social Studies, p. 51
- ^ Chung, Byoung-sun (2002-08-22), "Sergeyevna Remembers Kim Jong Il", The Chosun Ilbo, archived from the original on 2007-03-11, retrieved 2007-06-01
- ^ Sheets, Lawrence (2004-02-12), "A Visit to Kim Jong Il's Russian Birthplace", National Public Radio, retrieved 2007-06-01
- S2CID 154999855
- ^ Lankov, Andrei (2009-10-23), "N. Korean Mirage Collapses in Sakhalin", Korea Times, retrieved 2010-01-08
- ^ Lee, Chaimun; Khvan, Lyudmila Borisovna (February 2020). "A Transnational Tale of Two Nationalities * : Ethnic Koreans in Sakhalin Island and North Koreans in Kamchatka, Russia". 한국민족문화. 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소: 463–464.
- ^ a b c Devalpo, Alain (2006-04-08), "North Korean slaves", Le Monde Diplomatique, retrieved 2007-06-01
- ^ Higgins, Andrew (1994-06-26), "In Siberia's last gulag", The Independent, archived from the original on 2022-06-21, retrieved 2011-12-21
- ^ Ostrovsky, Simon (2009-08-26), "N Koreans toiling in Russia's timber camps", BBC News, retrieved 2009-08-28
- ^ "Северные корейцы спешно покидают Приморье", Rosbalt News Agency, 2010-11-26, archived from the original on 2010-12-09, retrieved 2011-12-21
- ^ Smith, Shane (2011-12-15), "North Korean labor camps in Siberia", CNN News, retrieved 2011-12-21
- ^ Kang, Mi-jin (2010-11-22), "Runaway Loggers on the Rise Due to Wage Cuts", Daily NK, retrieved 2011-12-21
- ^ "North Korean refugees in Trouble", The Chosun Ilbo, 1999-12-13, archived from the original on 2005-02-09, retrieved 2007-06-01
- ^ Brooke, James (2003-12-09), "Slavic loss could turn into gain for Korean refugees: Governor of Russia's Primorye Region has a home in mind for about 150,000 people", New York Times, retrieved 2007-06-01
- ^ World Refugee Survey 2008 (PDF), U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, 2008-06-19, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-22, retrieved 2012-11-15
Further reading
- "From N. Korea to Siberia, One Man's 15-Year Odyssey", Chosun Ilbo, 2008-12-10, retrieved 2010-11-17. A three-part article about a North Korean logger who escaped from a work camp in Siberia.
- Smith, Shane (2011-12-21), "North Korean Labor Camps", Vice Magazine, archived from the original on 2014-10-12. A documentary about North Korean logging camps around Tynda, Dipkun, and Tutaul in Amur Oblast.