Nowogródek Voivodeship (1919–1939)
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Nowogródek Voivodeship Województwo nowogródzkie | |||||||||||
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Voivodeship of Poland | |||||||||||
1921–1939 | |||||||||||
Nowogródek | |||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• 1939 | 22,966 km2 (8,867 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 1921 | 822,106 | ||||||||||
• 1931 | 1,057,000 | ||||||||||
Government | |||||||||||
• Type | Voivodeship | ||||||||||
Voivodes | |||||||||||
• Jun-Oct 1921 | Czesław Krupski | ||||||||||
• 1935-1939 | Adam Korwin-Sokołowski | ||||||||||
Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||||
• Established | 14 February 1921 | ||||||||||
• Voting and annexation | October–November 1939 | ||||||||||
Political subdivisions | powiats and 8 cities | ||||||||||
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Today part of | Belarus, Lithuania |
Nowogródek Voivodeship (
Location and area
The voivodeship covered 22,966 km2 (8,867 sq mi). It was located in north-eastern part of the country, bordering
Population
Nowogródek Voivodeship consisted of 8 cities, 8
The Polish government conducted two official surveys 10 years apart in order to determine the economic and minority status of the country. Both censuses asked respondents for their religious affiliations. The ethnic composition findings have been disputed especially after World War II. The 1921 census in accordance with guidelines of the 1918
According to the published and official results of 1931 Polish census,[6] of the 1,057,147 inhabitants of the Nowogródek Voivodeship, 553,859 spoke Polish, 413,466 spoke Belarusian, 69,782 spoke Yiddish, 7,243 spoke Hebrew, 6,794 spoke Russian, and 2,499 spoke Lithuanian. The remainder spoke Ukrainian, Rusyn, German, Czech and others.[6] In percentage points this translates into an estimate of 53% of the population who identified their mother tongue as Polish, 39% as Belarusian, 7% as Yiddish and 1% as Russian.[7][8] According to assessment by Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998) the census recorded the number of Poles as greater only because the language spoken wasn't defined unambiguously, thus quoting figures adjusted by Jerzy Tomaszewski (1985) as follows: the Nowogródek Voivodeship was home to about 616,000 ethnic Belarusians, or 38% of the total population of Polish lands later annexed by Stalin. The number of ethnic Belarusians (including tutejsi) exceeded the number of ethnic Poles by eight percentage points according to him.[9] Similarly, the Jewish population statistics were allegedly reduced by about 4% in the actual number of dependants. The chairman of the Polish census statistical office, Edward Szturm de Sztrem stated after World War II that the returned forms might have been tampered with by the executive power, but to what extent is not known.[10][11] Jerzy Tomaszewski categorizes the largest non-Polish component as Belarusian and Ukrainian at 58.37% combined; and 7.85% as Jewish (as quoted by Teichova & Matis).[3]
The results of the 1931 census (questions about mother tongue and about religion) are presented in the table below:
Belarusian and Orthodox/Uniate majority minority counties are highlighted with yellow.
County | Pop. | Polish | Belarusian | Yiddish & Hebrew | Russian | Lithuanian | Other language | Roman Catholic | Orthodox & Uniate | Jewish | Other religion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baranavichy | 161038 | 46.5% | 42.6% | 9.3% | 1.2% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 28.0% | 61.5% | 10.0% | 0.5% |
Lida | 183485 | 79.4% | 10.8% | 7.9% | 0.4% | 1.3% | 0.2% | 78.8% | 12.5% | 8.1% | 0.6% |
Nyasvizh | 114464 | 24.4% | 66.6% | 7.6% | 0.7% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 19.6% | 71.9% | 7.8% | 0.7% |
Novogrudok | 149536 | 23.5% | 68.8% | 6.9% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 19.3% | 73.0% | 7.0% | 0.7% |
Slonim | 126510 | 41.4% | 49.4% | 8.0% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 18.8% | 70.9% | 9.8% | 0.5% |
Stowbtsy | 99389 | 52.1% | 40.5% | 6.4% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 38.1% | 54.4% | 7.0% | 0.5% |
Shchuchyn | 107203 | 83.5% | 9.7% | 6.3% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 56.1% | 36.3% | 7.4% | 0.2% |
Valozhyn | 115522 | 66.4% | 28.3% | 4.6% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 53.5% | 41.5% | 4.6% | 0.4% |
Nowogródek Voivodeship | 1057147 | 52.4% | 39.1% | 7.3% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 40.2% | 51.5% | 7.8% | 0.5% |
Cities and counties
The historical town of Nowogródek was the smallest of all voivodeship’s capitals in Poland, with population of almost 10,000 (as of 1939). The area’s largest city was the key railroad junction of
The division of Nowogródek voivodeship till 1929 was given in below. It was also included counties (
List of Counties with square area and population | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
# | Name | CoA | Area | Population |
1 | Baranowicze county
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3,298 km² | 161,100 | |
2 | Lida county | 4,258 km² | 183,500 | |
3 | Nieśwież county
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1,968 km² | 114,500 | |
4 | Nowogródek county
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2,930 km² | 149,500 | |
5 | Słonim county
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3,069 km² | 126,500 | |
6 | Stołpce county
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2,371 km² | 99,400 | |
7 | Szczuczyn county | 2,273 km² | 107,200 | |
8 | Wołożyn county
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2,799 km² | 115,500 |
Country of Szczuczyn was created from gmina of Kamionka in of Grodno County in Bialystok voivodeship and gminas of Dziembrów, Lebioda, Nowy Dwór, Orla, Ostryna, Różanka, Sobakińce, Szczuczyn, Wasiliszki and Żołudek in Lida County on 21 March 1929.[13]
Railroads and industry
The Russian rule during the Partitions of Poland (ending in 1918), left Nowogródek in the state of economic collapse. Roads and means of communication were destroyed, along with most of industry. Large part of population was poor, with the lingering high level of illiteracy and low level of agricultural production. Railroad network was scarce (total length was only 713 kilometers, or 3.1 per 100 km²), with only two junctions: at Baranowicze and Lida. Nowogródek itself was not located on any main rail connections, it was reachable only by narrow-gauge track. In the interwar period Nowogródek remained chiefly an agricultural province. Medium-sized industrial enterprises included mills, milk processing plants, tar and turpentine factories, brickyards, sawmills, soft drinks factories, tanneries and distilleries. Wood processing and wood-based manufacture were the most important in the region; employing 35.6% of the total number of workers. By 1934 there was a sawmill in every county (gmina), more than half of them with 20–100 employees.[14]
Food industry was well developed in the voivodeship. It was dominated by small businesses meeting the needs of the local population, with the major meat processing plant at Baranowicze.
Voivodes
- Czesław Krupski June 1921 – 17 October 1921 (acting)
- Władysław Raczkiewicz 17 October 1921 – 29 August 1924
- Marian Żegota-Januszajtis29 August 1924 – 24 August 1926
- Vacant 24 August 1926 – 24 September 1926
- Zygmunt Beczkowicz 24 September 1926 – 20 June 1931
- Wacław Kostek-Biernacki 1 July 1931 – 8 September 1932
- Stefan Świderski 8 September 1932 – 2 December 1935 (acting to 1933)
- Adam Korwin-Sokołowski 17 December 1935 – 17 September 1939
September 1939 and its aftermath
On September 17, 1939, following German aggression on Poland and
After the
Notes and references
- Citations
- ISBN 1-57181-882-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-63037-5.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-0-295-95357-1.
- ISBN 978-0-8143-2494-3.
- ^ Central Statistical Office (Poland). "Ludność według płci i wyznania". Wikimedia Commons: Woj.nowogrodzkie-Polska spis powszechny 1931, p. 50 / 270 in PDF or 19 in document.)
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(help - ]
- ^ Main Statistical Office of Poland (June 1939), Maly Rocznik Statystyczny 1939, Warsaw, page 23.
- ISBN 0786403713.
The number of Belarusians in the Republic, according to Tomaszewski, were distributed as follows: Polesie, 654,000; Nowogrodek, 616,000; Wilno, 409,000; and Bialystok, 269,100.
- ISBN 978-90-279-3239-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8131-1803-1.
- ^ "Plik:Woj.nowogrodzkie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia" (PDF). commons.wikimedia.org (in Polish). 1938. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
- ^ "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 kwietnia 1929 r. O utworzeniu powiatu szczuczyńskiego w województwie nowogródzkiem".
- ^ a b c d e f Lech Ciechanowicz (2004). "Przemysł Nowogródczyzny lat trzydziestych ubiegłego stulecia" [Nowogródek industries in the 1930s]. Ziemia Lidzka. Polskie pismo historyczno- krajoznawcze na Białorusi (61). Retrieved February 28, 2017.
Dla województwa nowogródzkiego jako typowo rolniczego charakterystyczne jest to, że najwięcej w nim było młynów, przetwórni mleka, smolarni i terpentyniarni, cegielni, tartaków, wytwórni napojów bezalkoholowych, garbarni i gorzelni. Przemysł drzewny pod względem znaczenia był najważniejszy w województwie. Zatrudniał 35,6% ogólnej liczby robotników.
- Bibliography
- Maly rocznik statystyczny 1939, Nakladem Glownego Urzedu Statystycznego, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Year-Book of Poland, Warsaw 1939).