Novogrudok
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Novogrudok
Навагрудак ( Transfiguration Church | |
---|---|
UTC+3 (MSK) | |
Postal code | 231241, 231243, 231244, 231246, 231400 |
Area code | +375 1597 |
License plate | 4 |
Website | Official website |
Novogrudok or Navahrudak (
In the Middle Ages, the city was ruled by King Mindaugas' son Vaišvilkas.[3]
During and after Mindaugas' rule, Novogrudok was part of the
From 1795 to 1915, the
Toponymy
The name comes from the Old East Slavic words "New town". It was a large settlement in the remote Western lands of the Krivichs, which came under the control of the Ancient Rus' state at the end of the 10th century. The ancient name of Novgorodok (Nov'gorodok,[4] Nov'gorodok',[5] though leaning both parts: to Novagorodka, in Novegorodtsy, "between Novym'gorodkom'", from "Novagorodka" in "Novegorodche"). In some sources, it is called Maly Novgorod.[6]
Archaeological excavations made by Gurevich F. D. in different places of the city, gave a huge number of interesting finds (Byzantine glass, jewellery, and even the ruins of a house with painted walls from the inside, which had suspended lanterns in which oil was lit) this, as well as the conclusion of the archaeologist that the city appeared on this site no later than the 9th century, allows Novogrudok to claim the role of historical chronicle Novgorod.[citation needed] In favour of this version of localization is the fact that in the earliest annals of Novgorod called "Novgorodou", and [ou] in the end later added the letter "k" turned [ouk], so the chronicle "Novgorodou" transformed into "Novgorodouk" and was later simplified to "Novogrudok".
Locals use the older name "Navаgradak",[7][8][9][10] especially the older people. The place of stress is recorded in the publication of the "Tribunal for the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania'" (Vilna, 1586), where it is marked in print "in Novа́gorodku".[7]
At the time of entry into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the traditional Belarusian pronunciation Navа́gradak, transformed into the modern name Novogrudok, from Polish Nowogródek.
Some historians believe that the chronicle versions of the name of the city — Novogorod, Novgorodok, Novy Gorodok, Novogorodok-Litovsky, etc. indicate that, perhaps, there was an old city center of the district — Radogoshcha.[11]
History
Early history
Novogrudok was established in Baltic Yotvingian lands.[12][13] According to archaeological research conducted in Novogrudok in the 1960s, the settlements arose on modern Novogrudok's territory at the end of the 10th century, and the fortifications by the mid-11th century.[14] Research also suggests that a city already existed on-site in the 9th—10th centuries, which had trade links with Byzantium, the Near East, Western Europe and Scandinavia. These trade links were related to the Amber Road. Archaeologically, Novogrudok was studied in the years 1957-1977. In the first half of the 11th century, the city consisted of two undefended settlements located on the Small castle and Castle hill. In the second half of the 11th century, fortifications were built around the settlement on the Castle hill, thus forming the Novogrudok detinets. On the Small Castle to the West of the detinets formed a settlement, which in the 12th century was also fortified and turned into a roundabout city.
On the territory of the detinets, wooden ground buildings with wood burning stoves made out of adobe and plank floors were studied. The most important activities of the city's population were crafts and trade. Often, there is evidence of local jewelry craft — there were foundries and jewelry workshops that formed a whole block on the small castle.[15] Bone-cutting, wood and stone processing were also common. Graffiti with old Russian letters was found on fragments of frescoed plaster from building No.12 ("house of the boyar" or "powalush") of the 12th century on the Small Castle (an ancient roundabout city).[16][17] Trade relations in the 12th—13th centuries were far-reaching, as evidenced by many imports: from Kyiv came glass bracelets, non-ferrous metal jewellery, engolpions, icons, spindle whorls, faience vessels from Iran, glassware from Byzantium and Syria, from the Baltic — amber.[18]
Novogrudok was first mentioned in the Sofia First Chronicle and Novgorod Fourth Chronicle in 1044 in reference to a war between Yaroslav I and Lithuanian tribes.[19] It was also mentioned in the Hypatian Codex in 1252 as Novogorodok, meaning "new little town". Novogrudok was a major settlement in the remote western lands of the Krivichs that came under Kievan Rus' control at the end of the 10th century. However, this hypothesis has been disputed as the earliest archaeological findings date from the 11th century.[20]
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
13th century
In the 13th century, the Kievan Rus disintegrated due to Asian nomadic incursions, which climaxed with the Mongol horde's Siege of Kiev (1240), resulting in the sack of Kiev and leaving a regional geopolitical vacuum in which the East Slavs splintered along pre-existing tribal lines and formed several independent, competing principalities. It is known that even prior to Mindaugas' arrival, there was a Catholic church in Novogrudok.[12]
Mindaugas son
During the 16th century, three centuries after the events,
14th century
In 1314, the castle was besieged by the Teutonic Order.[37] It was again attacked by the Teutons in 1321, 1341, 1390 and finally in 1394.
As the centre of the appanage Principality, Novogrudok was owned from 1329 by Prince Karijotas, and then by his son Fyodor from 1358, and from 1386 by Kaributas.[38] At that time, Novogrudok was part of the Trakai Voivodeship, whose population was entirely ethnically Lithuanian, hence Novogrudok was part of Lithuania Proper.[13]
Since 1392, Novogrudok was one of the centres of the Grand Ducal
15th century
At the end of the 14th and start of the 15th century,
16th century
In 1505, the
17th century
In September 1655, it was captured by Prince A. Trubetskoy's soldiers in the war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1661, the city was recaptured by the Polish-Lithuanian army, and was exempt from paying taxes for a period of 4 years.
In the 16th–18th centuries, Novogrudok suffered numerous fires (1578, 1599, 1613, 1652, the most severe — in 1751, when 167 houses, 4 churches, the town hall and the Governor's office burned down) and epidemics (1590, 1592, 1603, 1708). In addition, military events and cataclysms of the 17th–18th centuries caused the city's decline.
18th century
During the
In the 19th century
In 1795, as a result of the
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Polish 20th Infantry Regiment and 19th Uhlan Regiment were formed from local residents after Novogrudok's occupation by Napoleon's Grande Armée in 1812.[49] In 1817, the city had 428 wooden and 9 stone houses.[41] At that time, mainly Jews, Belarusians, Poles, Lipka Tatars and Russians lived in the city.[41]
November Uprising of 1831
During the November Uprising, on July 22, 1831, Novogrudok was occupied for some time by the detachments of Y. Kashits and M. Mezheyevsky.
After the liquidation of the Dominican school in 1834, the tsarist authorities opened a five-class school, which turned into the Novogrudok gymnasium in 1858. In 1837, Novogrudok had 4 unpaved and 9 paved streets and alleys.
January Uprising of 1863 and subsequent repressions
During the January Uprising, an insurgent organization led by V. Borzobogaty was formed in the city. In 1863, priest Felician Lashkevich from Novogrudok partook in this uprising. As part of anti-Catholic repression following the January Uprising, the tsarist administration closed down the gymnasium as well as Catholic churches, which were transformed into Orthodox churches.[41]
In 1896, Rabbi Yosef Yozel Horwitz founded one of the most famous Jewish higher educational religious institutions in Novogrudok, the Novardok Yeshiva, which was one of the largest and most important yeshivas in pre-war Europe and a powerful force in the Musar movement.
In the 20th century
In 1905, the first gas street lamps appeared in Novogrudok. In 1910, there were 76 stone and 1074 wooden buildings in the city, and in 1914 there were 6 educational institutions in the city. In 1907-1909, a provincial branch of the Polish society "Enlightenment" worked in the city, which supported Polish education.[50] It had a thriving Jewish community. In 1900, its population was 5,015.[clarification needed][51]
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Panorama. Józef Peszka, about 1800.
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Castle mountain. A. Ales, 1835.
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Navahrudak town hall, plan in the 19th century.
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Castle Church before demolition by the tsarist authorities.
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Church of Boris and Gleb, Chair of the Lithuanian Orthodox ArchdioceseVincent Dmachoŭski, 1856.[52]
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Vincent Dmachoŭski, 1856.
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Castle.Vincent Dmachoŭski, 1856.
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The corner of the Market square and the streets of Slonim. Church of the Dominicans.
World War I and Polish–Soviet War
During the First World War, the city was under German occupation from 22 September 1915 to 27 December 1918.[22] On September 22, 1915, Novogrudok was occupied by the German 10th Army. The Russian-German front was now only 20 km East of the city, along the Servechi river. The Germans built a power plant, a network of narrow-gauge railways, and telephone lines. The creation of polish and belarusian schools was also allowed in the city.
Mickiewicz's house was occupied by
On January 1, 1919, following the resolution and Congress of the CP(b) of Belarus, it became a part of the
On the morning of July 19, 1920, the Red Army again occupied Novogrudok. After crushing defeats in the Battle of Warsaw and later of the Niemen River, on October 1, 1920, Polish troops again occupied the city. These were detachments of the 1st and 5th Legions' Infantry Regiments, the 16th Infantry Regiment, and 3 batteries of the 1st Legionary Artillery Regiment. Most of them belonged to the 1st Legions Infantry Division.
In Second Polish Republic
Ultimately captured by the Poles in October 1920, it was confirmed as part of the
During the interwar period, Novogrudok served as the seat of the Novogrudok Voivodeship until the 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Many new buildings were built, including the voivodeship office, district court, tax office, theatre, power plant, city bath and a narrow-gauge railway station.[55] In 1938, a museum was created in the former home of Adam Mickiewicz.[41] The first voivode of Novogrudok (1921-1924) was Władysław Raczkiewicz, later (1939-1947) President of Poland in exile. On May 13, 1922, Adam Mickiewicz's eldest son, Wladyslaw, came to Novogrudok to stay, and on October 30, 1922, the chief of state, Marshal Józef Piłsudski, came here. In the following years, the former power station was converted into a city theatre. Several other Polish presidents visited the city: Stanisław Wojciechowski (May 25–27, 1924) and Ignacy Mościcki (September 1929 and the end of June 1931). In the 1920s and 1930s, more than 10 titles of periodicals were published in the city. In October 1922, the first Belarusian-language newspaper "Nasha Batskayshchyna" was published in Novogrudok. In 1924-1931, a mound was built on the small castle in honour of Adam Mickiewicz
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The House Of Adam Mickiewicz
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Eldership (the former Palace of the Radziwills)
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The office of the Governor
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The house of the Governor
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Transfiguration Church
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Market square
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Shopping malls
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Former Market square 1917
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Train station
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Church in honor of the Archangel Michael
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Former Dominican monastery
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District court
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A former power station building converted into a theater and cinema
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Market square
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Dominican women's monastery, 1929
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The Church of the Dominicans during the destruction by the tsarist authorities
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The Radziwiłł Palace. Snapshot Jan Bułhak, 1926
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Great synagogue. Snapshot Jan Bułhak, c. 1930
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Ruins of a Small gate, a castle
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Market square on the side of the Radziwill Palace
World War II
Soviet occupation
At the beginning of World War II, after September 17, 1939, Soviet Air Forces' bombers began dropping leaflets written in broken Polish over the city, announcing the imminent liberation "from the yoke of the lords" and other oppressors. On 18 September 1939 Novogrudok was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR. Many residents of the city and region were repressed and exiled to other regions of the USSR, and the region was subjected to severe Sovietization.[56][57][58] In the administrative division of the new territories, the city was briefly the centre of Navahrudak Region until it moved to Baranavichy, and region itself was renamed to Baranavichy Region and to the Novogrudok Raion (15 January 1940).
German occupation
On 22 June 1941, the city was subjected to German bombing, the former Starostvo, formerly the Radziwill Palace, and shopping malls were destroyed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union. On 4 July, Novogrudok was occupied by the Wehrmacht. Then, the Red Army was surrounded in the Novogrudok Cauldron. Nevertheless, during the German occupation, there was active resistance to the Nazis.
In mid-December 1943, the Polish resistance separated the Novogrudok district of the Home Army from the Bialystok district. The headquarters of the Home Army's district was in Lida. The Nazis killed more than 10,000 Jews in the Novogrudok Ghetto, Novogrudok and nearby villages during the Holocaust.[59] However, in mid-may 1943, the last remaining ghetto prisoners began to dig a 250-metre (820 ft) underground passage outside the ghetto, and five months later, on September 26, 1943, an escape was made through it.[60][61][62] A total of 232 people escaped through the tunnel.[63] Some of the fleeing Jews joined the Bielski partisans, which actively fought against the Nazis in the region.[64]
During the
During the German occupation in Novogrudok, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth organized, at the request of the parents of Polish children, underground teaching in the Polish language and history. On 1 August 1943, the underground school ceased to exist after 11 nuns, the Martyrs of Nowogródek, including the main organizer of the school, were shot by the German occupiers on August 1, 1943.[65]
Soviet reoccupation
In the summer of 1944, units of the Home Army's Novogrudok partisan district partook in Operation Ostra Brama, fighting alongside the Red Army to occupy Vilnius. On 8 July 1944, the Red Army reoccupied Novogrudok after almost three years of German occupation. However, after retaking Western Belorussia from the Germans, the recent allies became enemies. Thus, on August 21, 1944, in the village of Surkontakh, the commander of the Home Army's Novogrudok partisan district, Lieutenant Colonel Maciej Kalenkiewicz, nicknamed "Kotvich" (1906-1944) from the Khubala detachment, was killed in a battle with tenfold superior units of the NKVD.[66] During the war, more than 45,000 people were killed in the city and the surrounding area, and over 60% of housing was destroyed.
After the war, on this region did the organization "the black cat", which was aimed at the struggle against the Soviet regime, so in March 1948, the United group of troops of the organization "the black cat" with several units "bulbivtsiv" (total 200 men) attacked the Novogrudok to release the arrested members of his organization. The city was the base of the MGB's Special Department, which fought against anti-Soviet partisans.[67] The anti-Soviet partisan movement continued until the early 1960s until it completely ceased to exist.[68][69][70]
After the war, the area remained part of the Byelorussian SSR, and most of the destroyed infrastructure was rapidly rebuilt. On 8 July 1954, following the disestablishment of the Baranavichy Region, the raion, along with Novogrudok, became part of the Grodno Region, where it still is, now in Belarus.
Cup of St. Jadwiga
During the archaeological excavations at the Small Castle in Novogrudok in the period from 1955 to 1962, conducted by the Leningrad Department of the Institute of Archaeology of the
Recent history
In 1997, Novogrudok and Novogrudoky district were merged into a single administrative unit. The city has links with the twin cities of Elbląg, Krynica Morska and Leymen.[74]
September 10, 2011, in honour of the 500th anniversary of the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Magdeburg law (freed from feudal duties, the power of voivodes, gave the right to create a magistrate-a self-government body, its seal and coat of arms — the image of the Archangel Michael) in the centre of the city as a memory of the history and former greatness of the ancient city, a memorial sign was installed.[75]
According to the state program "Castles of Belarus", in 2012-15, it was planned to preserve the ruins of the
It was concluded that it is impractical to restore buildings that store artefacts from the 13th to 16th centuries. The concept of "solid ruins" was approved, developed and reviewed at the Republican scientific and methodological meeting, the purpose of which was to reveal all seven towers of the
The metal structure and the brick prigruz will preserve the ruins of the Kostelnaya tower, stabilize it and complete the object's conservation. Eventually, when scientists are convinced that the stabilization was successful, the prigruz will be removed.[76]
It will also partially restored the losses incurred by tower Shitovka. The tower will be covered with a roof, but will remain incomplete. It is planned to open a Museum, the Foundation of which will consist of exhibits that are now stored in the Novogrudok Museum of local history.[76]
The Church of the 13th century, the remains of which are now underground, will be shown with an application. At the level of about 50 centimetres, the masonry of the Palace will be opened. It is not planned to lower the entire porch. The ramparts that were around the perimeter will also be partially open. No buildings will be built on the porch itself.[76]
It is also planned to make a horizontal drainage to organize water drainage and stop the erosion of the soil of the southern slope.[76]
According to the resolution of the Council of Ministers of June 3, 2016 No. 437, Novogrudok castle was included in the list of 27 objects whose conservation costs (in terms of capital expenditures) can be financed from the national budget.[77]
Jewish history
Novogrudok had been an important Jewish centre. It was home to the
Notable people
- Alexander Sack (1890–1937), Belarusian Catholic priest and a Catholic convert from Orthodoxy
- Paval Navara (1927-1983), Belarusian émigré public figure and a co-founder of the Anglo-Belarusian Society
Sites
- Novogrudok Castle, sometimes anachronistically called Mindaugas' Castle, was built in the 14th century, was burnt down by the Swedes in 1706, and remains in ruins.
- Construction of the Orthodox SS. Boris and Gleb Church, in Belarusian Gothic style, started in 1519, but was not completed until the 1630s; it was extensively repaired in the 19th century.
- The Roman Catholic Transfiguration Church (1712–23, includes surviving chapels of an older gothic building), where Adam Mickiewiczwas baptised.
- Museum of Adam Mickiewicz at the poet's former home; there are also his statue and the "Mound of Immortality", created in his honour by the Polish administration in 1924–1931.
- Museum of Jewish Resistance. Also, a red pebble path along the escape route during the heroic escape of ghetto inmates.
- Kastus Kachan Art Gallery
- Church of St. Michael, renovated in 1751 and 1831
- Trade rows at the central square
- Pre-war administration buildings, including the Nowogródek Voivodeship Office and the Voivode's House
Some members of the Harkavy family are buried at the old Jewish cemetery of Novogrudok.
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Ruins of the castle
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Transfiguration Church
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House of Adam Mickiewicz
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Trade rows
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Pre-war Voivodeship Office
Climate
The
Climate data for Novogrudok (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
5.4 (41.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.9 (78.6) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.7 (85.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
29.8 (85.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
4.0 (39.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.8 (73.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.3 (24.3) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
0.5 (32.9) |
7.4 (45.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.6 (63.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
6.6 (43.9) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.3 (20.7) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
3.3 (37.9) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
8.8 (47.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −18.4 (−1.1) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
5.8 (42.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−18.4 (−1.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 54.3 (2.14) |
45.8 (1.80) |
44.3 (1.74) |
45.7 (1.80) |
76.0 (2.99) |
77.7 (3.06) |
104.8 (4.13) |
62.8 (2.47) |
66.4 (2.61) |
61.9 (2.44) |
55.2 (2.17) |
52.0 (2.05) |
746.9 (29.41) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.8 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 8.7 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 11.3 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 11.0 | 12.2 | 124.6 |
Source: NOAA[79] |
Twin towns - sister cities
Novogrudok is
- Bolsheboldinsky District, Russia
- Halych, Ukraine
- Krynica Morska, Poland
- Prienai, Lithuania
Former twin towns
- Elbląg, Poland
On 28 February 2022, the Polish city of Elbląg ended its partnership with Navahradak as a response to the
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- ^ a b c d e f РЭКАНСТРУКЦЫЯ ЗАМКА ПРАЦЯГВАЕЦЦА // Новае жыццё
- ^ Постановление Совета Министров от 03.06.2016 № 437 О некоторых вопросах обеспечения сохранности историко-культурных ценностей
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Belarusian encyclopedias
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- Энцыклапедыя гісторыі Беларусі. У 6 т. Т. 5: М — Пуд / Беларус. Энцыкл.; Рэдкал.: Г. П. Пашкоў (галоўны рэд.) і інш.; Маст. Э. Э. Жакевіч. — Менск: БелЭн, 1999. — 592 с.: іл. ISBN 985-11-0141-9.
- Беларуская энцыклапедыя: У 18 т. Т. 11: Мугір — Паліклініка / Рэдкал.: Г.П. Пашкоў і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2000. — 560 с.: іл. ISBN 985-11-0188-5
Journals
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- Соловьев, А. В. (1947). "Великая, Малая и Белая Русь" [Great, Small and White Russia]. Вопросы истории. 7.