Ojkanje
Ojkanje | |
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Stylistic origins | Croatian music |
Typical instruments | Human voice |
Ojkanje singing | |
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Country | Croatia |
Domains | Performing arts |
Reference | 00320 |
Region | Europe and North America |
Inscription history | |
Inscription | 2010 (5th session) |
List | Need of Urgent Safeguarding |
Ojkanje is a tradition of polyphonic folk singing in
In 2010, it was inscribed as Ojkanje singing in
Geographical extent
Historically, ojkanje is found in the regions of the
Similar styles of polyphonic singing can be found throughout the Dinaric region of the Balkans, such as ganga, found mainly in Herzegovina and inland Dalmatia, and izvika from the Zlatibor area in Serbia. These enduring musical traditions show a connecting link among the populations of the mountainous regions.[9] Owing to emigration, ojkanje groups can now be found in western Serbia and to a smaller extent, Bosnia and Herzegovina.[10]
Description
The main significance with ojkanje is that it is not simply a genre of singing, but a very specific voice-shaking technique originating from the throat.[4][5] Ojkanje has been described as "free beat singing" that is created deep in the throat and has been steeped in the culture of various local communities. There are two main ways of performing: individually, or more commonly, with a group.[4] Lyrics usually cover topics such as love, social or local issues, and politics.[11]
- Solo singing, also known as "travel singing" (putničko, kiridžijsko) or "solitary singing" (samačko) has several different variants depending on the region. One example from the Konavle region is the ustresalica, a shaking type of singing which has died out amongst the community. In Lika, the rozganje type of singing was popular, and is currently kept alive by local folklore groups in the Karlovac region.[4]
- Two-part singing can be performed by men or women with two or more people. It is prevalent in the area of the Croatian coast and the Dalmatian hinterland . In group singing, the song lasts as long as the lead singer can hold their breath.[4] The name ojkalica, which is the name used for this type of singing in the area in the hinterland of Šibenik and the villages of Vrlika and Kijevo.[4] Further along the Dalmatian hinterland there are various traditional vocal styles of Ojkanje singing. In Ravni Kotari and Bukovica, the local style of singing is called orzenje (the Serbian Orthodox population calls it orcenje, orcanje or groktanje). Furthermore, when performed by men, the singing is known as treskavica, or starovinsko ("old-style") today, and when performed by women it is known as vojkavica.[4] Treskavica is also used in the hinterlands of Trogir and Kaštela, but is called grgešanje in Grebaštica, a village north of Primošten. In northern Poljice the locals continue to perform the kiridžijsko style of singing.[4]
History
Ojkanje singing originated in its form in the Dinaric region. It especially thrived among the rural population of the Dalmatian hinterland and surrounding regions.
Ivan Lovrić (1756—1777) mentions ojkanje as part of Morlach culture.[12]
In the beginning of the 20th century, the Croatian Peasant Party began organizing folklore festivals which focused on rural traditions through their charitable wing. Traditional dancing, music, regional costumes were the main focus, especially in the 1920s and 1930s, with Ojkanje singing being an important addition.[13]
In 2008, ojkanje singing was nominated by the
In 2012 it was included into the national register of the intangible cultural heritage of Serbia .[16]
Modern day
Over the years, Ojkanje singing was passed down from generations, with singers learning directly from their accomplished predecessors. However, the last century has seen significant changes in the traditional rural life, with younger generations migrating to cities and modern ways overtaking certain traditional practices, resulting in the decline of Ojkanje singing.[4]
Many folklore groups have been performing to keep Ojkanje singing alive.
See also
- UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
- Klapa, a capella style from maritime Dalmatia
References
- ^ "UNESCO - Ojkanje singing". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
- ISBN 978-0-674-01163-2.
- ^ "Culturenet.hr - Ojkanje na UN-ovom popisu zaštićene baštine". www.culturenet.hr. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Croatia (November 2010). "Urgent Safeguarding List: Nomination file no. 00320": 2–3.
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(help) - ^ a b Jaramaz, Dusko (16 August 2019). "OJKANJE - najstariji način pjevanja na ovim prostorima kojega možete naučiti i vi". Hrvatska katolička mreža. hkm.hr.
- ^ Grozdana Marošević, 2006, One-part Ojkanje-singing in the Historical Perspective, https://hrcak.srce.hr/23185 #page=144-145
- ^ a b Croatia (November 2010). "Urgent Safeguarding List: Nomination file no. 00320": 3.
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(help) - S2CID 717234.
- ISBN 978-3659488412.)
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: CS1 maint: location (link - ^ Hina/HRT. "Festival ojkače u Petrinji održan bez incidenata". HRT Vijesti. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
- ^ Croatia (November 2010). "Urgent Safeguarding List: Nomination file no. 00320": 5.
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(help) - ^ Stjepan Gunjača (1979). Ivan Lovric i njegovo doba : Referati i saopcenja sa znanstvenog skupa. Kulturno drustvo "Cetinjanin". p. 335.
ojkanje
- ^ Croatia (November 2010). "Urgent Safeguarding List: Nomination file no. 00320": 4.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Croatian Ministry of Culture (2008). "Ojkanje singing: Nomination for inscription on the Urgent Safeguarding list". unesco (at Youtube). Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ UNESCO Culture Sector. "Ojkanje singing". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
- ^ https://nkns.rs/cyr/popis-nkns/ojkacha%7C
- ^ 2. večer ojkanja
- ^ Recept ojkalice: Jedan potra, drugi priuzme i trese, a onda svi gonimo do kraja
- ^ Štefelić, Ivana. "Ojkanje oslobađa i dušu i glas". HRT Magazin. Hrvatska Radiotelevizija. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ Šuvak, Vedran. "Mladi pokazuju sve veći interes za ojkanje". HRT. Hrvatska Radiotelevizija. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ Sjeničarska zabava Retrieved on 2 March 2016
- ^ Izvorna grupa Kordun Inđija Retrieved on 2 March 2016
- ^ Četvrti sabor ojkavice: "Ajde, brate, zapivaj polako..."
- ^ "Croat Veterans Accused of Silencing Serbian Songs". Balkan Insight. 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
External links
- UNESCO Culture Sector. "Ojkanje singing". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
- Croatian Ministry of Culture (2008). "Ojkanje singing: Nomination for inscription on the Urgent Safeguarding list". unesco (at Youtube). Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- Lotina, Radmila (16 December 2010). "Divno čudo deseteračkog ojkanja". Dnevnik (in Serbian).