Orcadians

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Orcadians
Anglo-Metis

Orcadians, also known as Orkneymen,

Icelandic people; a comparable islander ethnicity of North Germanic origin.[5]

Historically, they are also descended from the Picts,[6][a] Norse,[8] and Lowland Scots.[9]

Background

Orcadian ethnic group formation

An Orcadian ethnicity has developed since around 900 AD.

Danish, and Manx ethnicities emerged.[10] According to historian James Hunter, the "ethnic composition" of Orcadians was then significantly impacted by colonisation from Lowland Scots people between 1494 and 1659.[9]

Anthropologist Agnar Helgason's research in 2001 found that the mtDNA ancestry of Orcadians is around 36 percent "Scandinavian", suggesting an ethnic composition comparable to Icelanders, a modern North Germanic ethnic group. 2003 research found that the majority of Orcadians can trace their patrilineality to Scandinavia, with 55% of Y chromosome DNA relating to migrating North Germanic peoples.[5] In research analysing different European ethnic groups, physician Lars Klareskog and geneticist Peter K. Gregersen have compared the Orcadian ethnicity in relation to other European island-based ethnicities, such as Sardinian people.[11]

Orcadian identity, governance, and nationalism

Orcadians have a range of ethnic or national identities, including Orcadian, Scottish, and British.[12] Swedish artist, Gunnie Moberg, suggests that within the Orkney Islands, "People are Orcadian first, then Scots or British".[13] Historian Hugh Kearney has written that Orkney's historical connection with the North Sea Empire has allowed Orcadians to remain "ethnically distinctive".[13] With regards to self-governance, Laurentian University's historian Daniel Travers has written that Orkney Islands Council has "considerably more influence over insular matters than other counties" in the United Kingdom.[13]

Researcher, James B. Minahan, has described the Orcadian people as a stateless nation, noting their history of seeking independence from Scotland, their opposition to the

Faroese Islands" have in relationship with the sovereign states of the UK and Denmark, respectively.[14]

Colonial era migration

During the colonial era, Orcadians have been documented migrating in search of opportunity.

York, England, also found inland posts related to the fur trade. According to ethnohistorian Jennifer S. H. Brown, "at least twenty-eight Orkneymen became either governors, chief factors, chief traders, or district master between the early 1700s and the mid-1800s".[2]

Well-known Orcadians

People associated with Orkney

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Ritchie notes the presence of an Orcadian ruler at the court of a Pictish high king at Inverness in 565 AD.[7]
  2. ^ Robert Frost's ancestors were Scotch-English. His mother was a Scottish emigrant who appears in most records as Isabelle Moody (Moodie); her family was from Orkney.

References

  1. ^ a b c National Records of Scotland (15 August 2013). "Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands" (PDF). Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two) (PDF) (Report). SG/2013/126. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0806128139. It is clear, however, that while the Lowland Scots were not viewed as particularly distinct from the English
    ethnically or socially, the Orkneymen acquired considerable visibility as a separate group
  3. ^ "The Orcadians – The people of Orkney". Orkneyjar. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  4. ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9
  5. ^
    Nature Publishing Group
    . A further study suggests that Icelanders and Orkney Islanders have similar proportions of Scandinavian mtDNA ancestry (E36%; Helgason et al, 2001). ... A sizeable component of Scandinavian patrilineal ancestry has been reported in Orkney (55%) and Shetland (68%) based on likelihood estimates of population admixture and principal components analyses of haplotype frequencies (Capelli et al, 2003).
  6. ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0
    .
  7. ISBN 1-84158-254-9
    .
  8. ^ "Genetic study reveals 30% of white British DNA has German ancestry". The Guardian.
  9. ^
    James VI's reign, to effecting irrevocable changes both in the ethnic composition and linguistic identity of those island groups. ... the five or six hundred Lowlanders who arrived in the vicinity of Stornoway
    towards the end of 1598, were themselves obliged to fight for their lives. Unlike Orcadians and Shetlanders, who mounted no effective resistance to settlers from the Lowlands
  10. ISBN 978-9004498792
    . Before c.1100, when major ethnic groups such as Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders, Orcadians, or Manx had emerged, and with them corresponding political communities
  11. Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
    . p. 371-383. Clearer separation of different ethnic and regional populations was observed when northern and southern European groups were considered separately and the PCA results were influenced by the inclusion or exclusion of ... Sardinian, and Orcadian ethnic groups.
  12. ISBN 978-0415505857
    . The greatest impact of the Scottish referendum is likely to unfold in Orkney and Shetland. ... And, unlike the Western Isles, the Northern Isles present the possible articulation of a local ethnic identity in contrast to the national Scots identity.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-1350006942. Schei and Moberg have observed, 'People are Orcadian first, then Scots or British'. Hugh Kearney
    , in his survey of the 'four' nations of Britain, designated the islands, along with Shetland, a distinct 'subculture' within the British Isles, arguing that involvement with Norse naval empires has meant that Orcadian communities have remain 'ethnically distinctive' ... This unique sense of identity, according to Michael Lang, constitutes both an ethnic and 'national' expression. It is 'ethnic' in the sense that many Orcadians still trace their ancestry back to Norse roots, and 'national' because it provides a way for Orcadians to differentiate themselves from Britain and Scotland. ... Though officially one of the thirty-two council areas of Scotland, the Orkney Islands Council, which administers the islands, has considerably more influence over insular matters than other counties in the UK
  14. Faroese Islands
    enjoy.
  15. ISBN 978-0803287907. Unlike voyageurs they did not comprise an easily identifiable ethnicity or cultural group. Freemen could be métis, Orcadians, other Scots, English, and Iroquoians from the St. Lawrence valley, though this chapter is concerned primarily with French Canadians
    .
  16. ^ "Obituary: Jim Baikie, Orkney-born artist who conquered world of comics". www.scotsman.com. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  17. ISBN 0-86241-231-5
    .
  18. ^ "Centenary of a radical kirk minister". The Orcadian. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
  19. ^ Robert Frosts Poems. St. Martens Paperbacks.[full citation needed]
  20. ^ "Queen Margaret, Maid of Norway: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
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