Pallium
Early usage
It is unknown exactly when the pallium was first introduced. Although
The use of the pallium among metropolitans did not become general until the eighth century,
The awarding of the pallium became controversial in the
Modern use
The use of the pallium is reserved to the pope and archbishops who are metropolitans, but the latter may not use it until it is conferred upon them by the pope, normally at the celebration of the
Although the pallium is now reserved, by law and liturgical norms, to metropolitans, a single standing exception has seemed to become customary:
Worn by the pope, the pallium symbolizes the plenitudo pontificalis officii (i.e., the "plenitude of pontifical office"); worn by archbishops, it typifies their participation in the supreme pastoral power of the pope, who concedes it to them for their proper church provinces. Similarly, after his resignation, he may not use the pallium; should he be transferred to another archdiocese, he must again petition the pope for a new pallium. The new pallia are solemnly blessed after the First Vespers on the feast of Saints Peter and Paul, and are then kept in a special silver-gilt casket near the Confessio Petri (tomb of St. Peter) until required. The pallium was formerly conferred in Rome by a cardinal deacon, and outside of Rome by a bishop; in both cases the ceremony took place after the celebration of Mass and the administration of an oath.[5]
For his formal inauguration, Pope Benedict XVI adopted an earlier form of the pallium, from a period when it and the omophor were virtually identical. It is wider than the modern pallium although not as wide as the modern omophor, made of wool with black silk ends, and decorated with five red crosses, three of which are pierced with pins, symbolic of Christ's five wounds and the three nails, and it was worn crossed over the left shoulder. Only the Papal pallium was to take this distinctive form. Beginning with the
Although Pope Benedict XVI's second pallium was not actually made until 2008, the model for it already existed on his coat of arms. A precedent for Pope Benedict XVI's variations of the pallium was set in 1999 when Pope John Paul II wore a long Y-shaped pallium with red crosses for that year's Easter and Christmas[17] celebrations. It was only used on those occasions and was created by Piero Marini, the then-Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations, who would also create Pope Benedict's first pallium.[18]
On June 29, 2014, after using Benedict XVI's second pallium for more than a year, Pope Francis restored the traditional pallium worn by popes prior to Benedict.[19][15]
In January 2015, Pope Francis announced that, from that year's imposition on, the pallium would no longer be awarded personally by the Pope in Rome; instead, the corresponding archbishops would impose it in their local churches. The Pope, however, will continue to bless it beforehand.[20]
Style
There is a decided difference between the form of the modern pallium and that used in
In the eighth century it became customary to let the ends fall down, one in the middle of the breast and the other in the middle of the back, and to fasten them there with pins, the pallium thus becoming Y-shaped. A further development took place during the ninth century (according to pictorial representations outside of Rome, in places where ancient traditions were not maintained so strictly): the band, which had hitherto been kept in place by the pins, was sewn Y-shaped, without, however, being cut.[5]
The present circular form originated in the tenth or eleventh century. Two excellent early examples of this form, belonging respectively to
At first the only decorations on the pallium were two crosses near the extremities. This is proved by the mosaics at Ravenna and Rome. It appears that the ornamentation of the pallium with a greater number of crosses did not become customary until the ninth century, when small crosses were sewn on the pallium, especially over the shoulders. However, during the Middle Ages there was no definite rule regulating the number of crosses, nor was there any precept determining their colour. They were generally dark, but sometimes red. The pins, which at first served to keep the pallium in place, were retained as ornaments even after the pallium was sewn in the proper shape, although they no longer had any practical object. That the insertion of small leaden weights in the vertical ends of the pallium was usual as early as the thirteenth century is proved by the discovery in 1605 of the pallium enveloping the body of Boniface VIII, and by the fragments of the pallium found in the tomb of Clement IV.[5]
Significance
As early as the 6th century, the pallium was considered a liturgical vestment to be used only in the church, and indeed only during Mass, unless a special privilege determined otherwise. This is proved conclusively by the correspondence between Pope Gregory I and John of Ravenna concerning the use of the pallium [
See also
Footnotes
- Saint Chrodegangin the 8th century A.D.
- ^ [5] states: Concerning these various hypotheses see Braun[6] where these hypotheses are exhaustively examined and appraised.
- ^ Note that the date "between 840 and 850" given by the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition,[7] is a typographical error in reference to Boniface's letter of 747.[8]
Notes
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911, p. 638.
- ^ a b Schoenig 2006, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Skinner 2011.
- ^ a b Paul VI 1978, p. 3
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Braun 1911.
- ^ Braun, Die liturgische Gewandung im Occident und Orient, sect. iv, ch. iii, n. 8.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 639.
- ^ a b c Boniface, Letter to Cuthbert.
- ^ Rossa 1988, p. 137.
- ^ "Pope modifies and enriches Pallium Investiture Ceremony". Vatican Radio. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Canon 437 1988.
- ^ "Whispers in the Loggia". whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com.
- ^ "Holy Mass and blessing of the Pallium for the new Metropolitan Archbishops on the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul (29 June 2020) | Francis".
- ^ "Il pallio papale tra continuità e sviluppo – Interview with Guido Marini, Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations" (in Italian). L'Osservatore Romano. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
- ^ a b Kollmorgen 2008.
- ^ "Papal clothing and liturgical practices in Cardinal Ratzinger / Pope Benedict XVI Forum". Yuku. 20 June 2010.
- YouTubeRetrieved 27 September 2019.
- ^ The Saint Bede Studio (12 March 2013). "The Saint Bede Studio Blog: Papal Retrospective : Blessed John Paul II : 2". saintbedestudio.blogspot.mx.
- ^ "The Problem For Us Is Fear" – On Pope's Day, Francis Calls Bishops To "Follow", Rocco Palmo, 29 June 2014, retrieved 2 July 2014
- ^ "Pope Francis will no longer impose the pallium on Archbishops". 29 January 2015.
- ^ "Pallien". www.schatzkammer-siegburg.de. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
References
- Code of Canon Law regarding Metropolitan Archbishops, retrieved 27 June 2007
- Boniface (747), "Letter to Cuthbert, archbishop of Canterbury", translated by Talbot
- Canon 437, Code of Canon Law, 1983, IntraText library, retrieved 29 January 2015
- Kollmorgen, Gregor (25 January 2008), The Pallium – History and Present Use, New Liturgical Movement, retrieved 29 October 2014
- Paul VI (10 August 1978), "Motu Propio 'On The Conferring Of The Sacred Pallium'", L'Osservatore Romano (English weekly ed.), p. 3, archived from the original on 6 January 2017, retrieved 27 August 2006
- Rossa, Peter de (1988), Vicars of Christ: The Dark Side of the Papacy, Corgi, p. 137
- Skinner, Gerard (July 2011), The Pallium—a monograph published by the Archdiocese of Cardiff to mark the bestowal of the Pallium on Archbishop George Stackin July 2011
- Schoenig, Steven A. (16–23 January 2006), "The pope, the pallium, and the churches", America: 18–19
- Schoenig, Steven A. Bonds of Wool: The Pallium and Papal Power in the Middle Ages (Washington, DC: ISBN 978-0-8132-2922-5.
Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Braun, Joseph (1911), "Pallium", in Herbermann, Charles (ed.), Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 11, New York: Robert Appleton Company
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Pallium", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 20 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 638–639 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- A tradition in evolution: Pallium signifies authority, loyalty (Catholic News Service)
- Information about the sisters, weaving the papal Pallium