Primate (bishop)
Primate (
Catholic Church
In the
The office is generally found only in older Catholic countries, and is now purely honorific, enjoying no effective powers under
Where the title of primate exists, it may be vested in one of the oldest archdioceses in a country, often based in a city other than the present capital, but which was the capital when the country was first Christianized. The city may no longer have the prominence it had when the title was granted. The political area over which primacy was originally granted may no longer exist: for example, the
Some of the leadership functions once exercised by Primates, specifically presiding at meetings of the bishops of a nation or region, are now exercised by the president of the
The closest equivalent position in the Eastern Churches in 1911 was an Exarch.[1]
The Holy See has continued in modern times to grant the title of Primate. With the
A right of precedence over other bishops and similar privileges can be granted even to a bishop who is not a Primate. Thus, in 1858, the Holy See granted the
The title of Primate is sometimes applied loosely to the Archbishop of a country's capital, as in the case of the Archbishops of Seoul in South Korea and of Edinburgh in Scotland. Functions can sometimes be exercised in practice (de facto), as by a de facto government, without having been granted by law; but since "Primate" is today a title, not a function, there is no such thing as a "de facto" primate.
The pre-reformation metropolitan
Catholic primatial sees
The heads of certain sees have at times been referred to, at least by themselves,[11] as primates:
- In Europe
- Austria – Salzburg
- Mechelen(-Brussels) (1560)[12]
- Bulgaria – Veliko Tarnovo 1204–1235, Primate of Bulgaria and Vlachia (in Bulgaria)
- Croatia – Split (13th century - 1828)[15][16][17]
- France
- Arles – Gaul and Spain[18]
- Auch – Novempopulania and the kingdom of Navarre[11]
- Bordeaux – Aquitaine[11][19]
- Bourges – Aquitaine (8th century)[11][20]
- Lyons – the Gauls, i.e., the provinces called Lugdunenses[1][11]
- Narbonne[1][11]
- Nancy – Lorrainetitle received in 1602. This is a notable exception, considering the fact that Nancy became a bishopric in 1777.
- Reims[1]
- Rouen – Primate of Normandy[11][13][21]
- Sens – Gauls and Germany[22]
- Vienne – Burgundy, Primate of Primates[23]
- Germany
- Hungary
- Esztergom, known as Gran in German.
- Ireland
- Rome (the Papacy)[13]
- Netherlands - Utrecht
- Poland
- Portugal
- Braga - Primacy of the Spains, i.e., the Iberian Peninsula (since 440-446 d.C.)
- Sardinia
- Scotland
- Serbia
- Spain
- Ukraine
- Lviv - Galicia and Lodomeria 1817-1858
- Sicily
- Syracuse, during the 1st millennium, recognized by Patriarchate of Constantinople[33]
- Palermo;[34]
- Venice – for Dalmatia (in Croatia)[13]
- Elsewhere
- Canada - Quebec (1956)
- Archdiocese of Goa and Damaon, primatial see of the East, more specifically the East Indies
- Archdiocese of Santo Domingo, primatial (and oldest) see of the Indies[36]
- Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia, primatial of Brazil (1551).
- Archdiocese of Buenos Aires – Argentina (the title was granted under Pope Pius XI on 29 January 1936).[37][38][39]
- Archdiocese of Mexico, primatial of Mexico (granted by Pope Pius XII on 18 July 1951)[40]
Until the Counterreformation
- England
- Canterbury, All England (597-1558)[41]
- York, England (-1558)[42]
- Lund, Scandinavia
- Hungary[43]
At the First Vatican Council
Source[1]
Regular clergy equivalent
In the modern confederation of the
In a similar way the Confederation of
Anglicanism
Anglican usage styles the bishop who heads an independent church as its "primate", though commonly they hold some other title (e.g. archbishop, presiding bishop, or moderator). The primates' authority within their churches varies considerably: some churches give the primate some executive authority, while in others they may do no more than preside over church councils and represent the church ceremonially.
Anglican Communion
In the context of the
In both the Church of England and the Church of Ireland, two bishops have the title of primate: the archbishops of Canterbury and York in England and of Armagh and Dublin in Ireland. Only the bishop of the senior primatial see of each of these two churches participates in the meetings.
The archbishop of Canterbury, who is considered primus inter pares of all the participants, convokes the meetings and issues the invitations.[44]
Primates and archbishops are styled "The Most Reverend". All other bishops are styled "The Right Reverend".[44]
Eastern Orthodox equivalent
Historically, the primatial title in
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ "Joseph Lins, "Gniesen-Posen" in The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1909)".
- ^ "Aurelio Palmieri, "Archdiocese of Warsaw" in The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1912)".
- ISBN 978-0-8091-4066-4.
- ISBN 978-0-8091-4066-4.
- ^ Têtu, Henri; Gagnon, Charles Octave, eds. (1967). Mandements, lettres pastorales et circulaires des évêques de Québec (in French). Église catholique. Diocèse de Québec (Québec). pp. 44–46.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-9584-8.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- Apostolic Constitution of 'certain new distinctions of preeminence', for the preservation of unity in government and policy, to the Archbishop of Westminster for the time being, comprised under the following three heads: He will be permanent chairman of the meetings of the Bishops of all England and Wales, and for this reason it will be for him to summon these meetings and to preside over them, according to the rules in force in Italy and elsewhere. (2) He will take rank above the other two Archbishops, and will throughout all England and Wales enjoy the privilege of wearing the Pallium, of occupying the throne, and of having the cross borne before him. (3) Lastly, in all dealings with the Supreme Civil Authority, he will in his person represent the entire Episcopate of England and Wales. Always, however, he is to take the opinion of all the Bishops, and to be guided by the votes of the major part of them'. Thus, though the Archbishop of Westminster was vested with more powers and privileges than Primates usually enjoy, unity of action has been safeguarded" (Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.).
- ^ "Steinvikholm fortress ruin". Fortidsminneforeningen. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-7116-8055-9.
- ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ a b c d e f g h Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Krmpotic, Martin Davorin. in Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Matanić, Athanasius (1952). De origine tituli "Dalmatiae ac totius Croatiae primas": Studium histor.-crit. Sublaci.
- ^ Ottavio Maria Paltrinieri, Notizie intorno alla vita di quattro Arcivescovi di Spalatro, Primati della Dalmazia e di tutta la Croazia (Roma, 1829)
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-36994-7.MacGeoghegan, James (1844). The History of Ireland, Ancient and Modern. Dublin: James Duffy. p. 337.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7486-0104-2.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Albiñana y de Borrás, Juan Francisco. "La primacía de Tarragona" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2023.
- ^ "Tarragona, "Hispaniarum primas" de las Españas". ABC España. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
- ^ Giovanni, Giovanni di (1846). "Storia ecclesiastica di Sicilia di Giovanni di Giovanni continuata sino al secolo XIX dal Padre Salv. Lanza".
- ^ "Documenti per servire alla storia di Sicilia". 1888.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ "Concordato entre la Santa Sede y la República Dominicana". www.vatican.va.
- ^ Episcopal Conference of Argentina: "Arquidiócesis de Buenos Aires" Archived 2013-05-14 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Agencia Informativa Católica Argentina: "El nuevo arzobispo de Buenos Aires es Mons. Mario Poli"".
- ^ "Esquiu, 16 December 2012, p. 14".
- ^ Gazanini, Guillermo (19 July 2016). "65 años del título de Primado de México". Religión Digital (in Spanish).
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ a b c "Anglican Communion: "What Is a Primate?"".
- ^ Meyendorff 1989, p. 56, 58.
Sources
- ISBN 9780881410563.
External links
- Catholic Encyclopaedia (also other articles)
- Catholic Hierarchy
- GCatholic.org
- Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)