Parni
The Parni ( confederacy.
In the middle of the 3rd century BC, the Parni invaded
Historical identity and location
There is no unambiguous evidence of the Parni in native
The location of the Parni Dahae immediately south-east of the
Language
The language
The language of the Parni "was described by
Rise to prominence
In 247 BCE,
Meanwhile, "a man called
A short while later, the Parni seized the rest of Parthia from Andragoras, killing him in the process. Although an initial
For the historiographers upon whose documentation the reconstruction of early Arsacid history depends, the Parni had by then become indistinguishable from the Parthians.
Legacy
The seizure of Astabene in 238 BCE nominally marks the beginning of the
The name "Parni" reappears in Sassanid-era documents to identify one of the seven Parthian feudal families allied with the Sassanid court. However, this family is not attested from Arsacid times, and the claim to the "Parni" name is (like four of the six other families) "in all probability not in accordance with reality." "It may be that [...] members of them made up their own genealogies in order to emphasize the antiquity of their families."[14]
It has been suggested[15] that the Parnau Hills (Paran Koh) bear the name of the Parni.
Notes
- a^ Arsaces was "perhaps originally a local ruler in Bactria."[12]
- b^ The origins of the Arsacids lineage are based on the historiography of later Greeks and Romans; the fact remains that the Arsacids used Greek titles and Greek inscriptions on their coins, which were also styled after the Seleucid coins. While Wolski (1937/1938) supported that the story of the two brothers may even be fiction, their coins are real, and they are considered to be historical personae and that Tiridates (I) succeeded his brother Arsaces (I), although he took on the Arsaces name at his coronation, a not-unusual practice in that era. Some have also questioned the relationship between Tiridates I (a.k.a. Arsaces II) and his son and successor Arsaces II (a.k.a. Artabanus I). For example, Bivar has rejected[12] the genealogies proposed by Frye and Chaumont & Bickermann.
- c^ In linguistics and philology, the expression 'Parnian' is sometimes used as a term of convenience to collectively denote eastern Iranian influences evident in the (western Iranian) Parthian language. Because the language of the Parni is not actually attested, it is not possible to determine whether there is actually a specific correlation between the language of the Parni and that of the east Iranian element in Parthian.
References
- ^ Encyclopedia Iranica : "APARNA (Gk. Aparnoi/Parnoi, Lat. Aparni or Parni), an east Iranian tribe established on the Ochos (modern Taǰen, Teǰend) and one of the three tribes in the confederation of the Dahae
- ^ a b c d e f g Lecoq 1987, p. 151.
- ISBN 9780857733085.
- ^ a b c Curtis & Stewart 2007, p. 7.
- ^ de Blois & van der Spek 1997, p. 145.
- ^ a b c Bivar 1983, p. 27.
- ^ a b Curtis & Stewart 2007, p. 8.
- ^ Bickerman 1983, p. 6.
- ^ Bivar 2003, para. 6.
- ^ a b Bivar 1983, p. 29.
- ^ Bickerman 1983, p. 19.
- ^ a b c Bivar 1983, p. 31.
- ^ Bivar 1983, p. 96.
- ^ Lukonin 1983, p. 704.
- ^ Rawlinson 1879, p. 169.
Sources
- Bickerman, Elias J. (1983), "The Seleucid Period", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 3–20
- Bivar, A.D.H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 21–99
- Bivar, A.D.H. (2003), "Gorgan v.: Pre-Islamic History", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 11, New York: Encyclopaedia Iranica]
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (2007), The Age of the Parthians, Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, London: I. B. Tauris
- de Blois, Lukas; van der Spek, Robartus J. (1997), An Introduction to the Ancient World, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12774-2.
- Lecoq, Pierre (1987), "Aparna", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul
- Lendering, Jona (2006), The Parni, Amsterdam: livius.org
- Lukonin, Vladimir G. (1983), "Political, Social and Administrative Institutions", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 681–747
- Rawlinson, Henry C. (1879), "The Road to Merv", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, 1 (3): 161–191, JSTOR 1800653
- Yarshater, Ehsan (2006), "Iran ii. Iranian History: An Overview", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 13, New York: Encyclopaedia Iranica