Patellar dislocation

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Patellar dislocation
Other namesKneecap dislocation, dislocated kneecap
Pain medication[3]
Prognosis~30% risk of recurrence[4]
Frequency6 per 100,000 per year[4]

A patellar dislocation is a

knee injury in which the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal position.[5] Often the knee is partly bent, painful and swollen.[1][2] The patella is also often felt and seen out of place.[1] Complications may include a patella fracture or arthritis.[3]

A patellar dislocation typically occurs when the knee is straight and the lower leg is bent outwards when twisting.

soccer, gymnastics, and ice hockey.[2] Dislocations nearly always occur away from the midline.[2] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by X-rays.[2]

Reduction is generally done by pushing the patella towards the midline while straightening the knee.[1] After reduction, the leg is generally splinted in a straight position for a few weeks.[1] This is then followed by physical therapy.[1] Surgery after a first dislocation is generally of unclear benefit.[6][4] Surgery may be indicated in those cases where a fracture occurs within the joint or where the patella has repeatedly dislocated.[3][4][5]

Patellar dislocations occur in about 6 per 100,000 people per year.[4] They make up about 2% of knee injuries.[1] It is most common in those 10 to 17 years old.[4] Rates in males and females are similar.[4] Recurrence after an initial dislocation occurs in about 30% of people.[4]

Signs and symptoms

People often describe pain as severe and being "inside the knee cap".[3] The leg tends to flex even when relaxed. In some cases, the injured ligaments involved in patellar dislocation do not allow the leg to flex.[2]

Risk factors

A predisposing factor is tightness in the

vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles can play a large role, found, mainly, in women involved in sports.[3][7] Moreover, women with patellofemoral pain may show increased Q-angle compared with women without patellofemoral pain.[citation needed
]

Another cause of patellar symptoms is lateral patellar compression syndrome, which can be caused from lack of balance or inflammation in the joints.[8] The pathophysiology of the kneecap is complex, and deals with the osseous soft tissue or abnormalities within the patellofemoral groove. The patellar symptoms cause knee extensor dysplasia, and sensitive small variations affect the muscular mechanism that controls the joint movements.[9]

24% of people whose patellas have dislocated have relatives who have experienced patellar dislocations.[2]

Athletic population

Patellar dislocation occurs mainly in youths (under age 20) engaged in sports that may involve accidental rotation of the knee while in flexion, a movement clinically called valgus, which is the cause of some 93% of patellar dislocation cases.[3] It is more common in females than males and in young in-training military personnel who have a high incidence of patellar dislocation in relation to young athletes and the general population.[3] Direct trauma to the knee displacing the patella is rare.[3]

Displacement of the patella laterally out of its groove strains the medial stabilizing connective tissues, particularly the medial patellofemoral ligament (supporting 50–80% of the knee mechanisms in lateral patellar glide), which is torn usually at its femoral attachment.[3] Traumatic patellar dislocation may cause bleeding into the joint space, ligament and muscle attachment tearing, and fracture of the medial wing of the patella.[3] Fracture of the weight-bearing portion of the lateral femoral condyle occurs in 25% of traumatic patellar dislocations.[3] Surgical repair of the patellar stabilizing structures – the medial patellofemoral ligament and vastus medialis muscle – may be needed for athletes.[3]

Anatomical factors

People who have larger

quadriceps muscles that run from the anterior superior iliac spine to the center of the patella. The range of a normal Q angle for men ranges from <15 degrees and for females <20 degrees, putting females at a higher risk for this injury.[10] An angle greater than 25 degrees between the patellar tendon and quadriceps muscle can predispose a person to patellar dislocation.[11]

In

patella alta, the patella sits higher on the knee than normal.[11] Normal function of the VMO muscle (VMO) stabilizes the patella. Decreased VMO function results in instability of the patella.[2]

Forces

When there is too much tension on the patella, the ligaments will be susceptible to tearing due to shear force or torsion force, which then displaces the patella from its groove.[3] Patellar dislocation may also occur when the trochlear groove is shallow, a condition defined as trochlear dysplasia.[12]

Mechanism of injury

Anatomy of the Knee

Patellar dislocations occur by:

  • A direct impact that knocks the patella out of joint
  • A twisting motion of the knee, or ankle
  • A sudden lateral cut [2]

Anatomy of the knee

The patella is a triangular sesamoid bone that is embedded in

adductor magnus tendon and is the structure most often damaged during a patellar dislocation. Finally, the lateral collateral ligament and the medial collateral ligament stabilize the patella on either side.[2] Any of these structures can sustain damage during a patellar dislocation.[citation needed
]

Diagnosis

Patellar dislocation

To assess the knee, a clinician can perform the Patellar Aprehension Test by moving the patella back and forth while the people flexes the knee at approximately 30 degrees.[14]

The people can do the patella tracking assessment by making a single leg squat and standing, or by lying on his or her back with knee extended from flexed position. A patella that slips laterally on early flexion is called the J sign, and indicates imbalance between the VMO and lateral structures.[15]

On

skyline projections
, dislocations are readily diagnosed. In borderline cases of subluxation, the following measurements can be helpful:

  • The lateral patellofemoral angle, formed by:[16]
  • A line connecting the most anterior points of the medial and lateral facets of the trochlea.
  • A tangent to the lateral facet of the patella.
With the knee in 20° flexed, this angle should normally open laterally.[16]
  • The patellofemoral index is the ratio between the thickness of the medial joint space and the lateral joint space (L). With the knee 20° flexed, it should measure 1.6 or less.[16]

Prevention

The

high heels tend to develop short calf muscles and tendons. Exercises to stretch and strengthen calf muscles are recommended on a daily basis.[19]

Treatment

X-ray and MRI after luxation of the patella. There is a fragment and bone bruise at the medial surface of the patella and in the corresponding surface of the lateral condyle of the femur. The medial retinaculum of the patella is disrupted.

Two types of treatment options are typically available:

Surgery may impede normal growth of structures in the knee, so doctors generally do not recommend knee operations for young people who are still growing.[20][21] There are also risks of complications, such as an adverse reaction to anesthesia or an infection.[20][21]

When designing a rehabilitation program, clinicians consider associated injuries such as chipped bones or soft tissue tears. Clinicians take into account the person's age, activity level, and time needed to return to work and/or athletics. Doctors generally only recommend surgery when other structures in the knee have sustained severe damage, or specifically when there is:[20]

  • Concurrent osteochondral injury
  • Continued gross instability
  • Palpable disruption of the medial patellofemoral ligament and the vastus medialis obliquus
  • High-level athletic demands coupled with mechanical risk factors and an initial injury mechanism not related to contact

Supplements like

NSAIDs can be used to minimize bothersome symptoms.[14]

Rehabilitation

An effective rehabilitation program reduces the chances of re-injury and of other knee-related problems such as patellofemoral pain syndrome and osteoarthritis. Most patella dislocations are initially immobilized for the first 2–3 weeks to allow the stretched structures to heal. Rehabilitation focuses on maintaining strength and range of motion to reduce pain and maintain the health of the muscles and tissues around the knee joint.[14] The objective of any good rehabilitation program is to reduce pain, swelling and stiffness as well as increase range of motion. A common rehabilitation plan is to strengthen both the hip abductors, hip external rotators and the quadricep muscles. Commonly used exercises include isometric quadricep sets, side lying clamshells, leg dips with internal tibial rotation, etc. The idea is that because the medial side is most often stretched by the more common lateral dislocation, medial strengthening will add more stabilizing support. With progression more intense range of motion exercises are incorporated.[22]

Epidemiology

Rate in the United States are estimated 2.3 per 100,000 per year.

soccer (6.9%), and football (6.9%), according to Brian Waterman.[23]

Lateral Patellar dislocation is common among the child population. Some studies suggest that the annual patellar dislocation rate in children is 43/100,000.[25] The treatment of the skeletally immature is controversial due to the fact that they are so young and are still growing. Surgery is recommended by some experts in order to repair the medial structures early, while others recommend treating it non operatively with physical therapy. If re-dislocation occurs then reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the recommended surgical option.[26]

In animals, patellar luxation is a common condition in dogs, particularly small and miniature breeds.[27]

References

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  5. ^ a b c "Patellar Dislocation and Instability in Children (Unstable Kneecap)". OrthoInfo - AAOS. March 2014. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
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  14. ^ a b c Brukner P, Khan K (2006). Clinical Sports Medicine (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  15. ^ Moses S (10 May 2008). "Patella Tracking Assessment". Family Practice Notebook. Archived from the original on 18 June 2011.
  16. ^
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  25. ^ Sillanpää P. "Treatment of Patellar Dislocation in Children" (PDF). patellofemoral.org. Patellofemoral Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.
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External links

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