Penestae (tribe)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Illyrian tribe. For other uses, see Penestai.

The Penestae were an

Dibra.[4]

Name

The tribe is mentioned only by Livy (1st century BC – 1st century AD) as Penestae (in Latin). They appear several times in Livy's accounts of the Third Roman-Macedonian War, which occurred in the early 2nd century BC.[2]

Based on the presence of the typical

Pirustae, for example.[5][6] However, the name may also be connected to the Πενέσται (Penestai), a Thessalian social class, which can alternatively be considered a simple linguistic change of the Ancient Greek term Μενέσται (Menéstai, "those who remain"), as already pointed out by Archemachus of Euboea, or related to the Ancient Greek πένης (pénes, "poor").[6]

Geography

The tribe inhabited Penestia, an inland region in southeastern

Stuberra (present-day Čepigovo) was used by Perseus of Macedon to access Uscana in Penestia from the south-east. The westernmost territory of the Penestae extended to the domains of the Labeatae.[2][7]

Settlements

The chief settlement of the Penestae was

Oaeneum,[9] the latter being a strategically important settlement on the route to the tribal region of the Labeatae, over which Gentius ruled.[7] Draudacum and Oaeneum lied within the Pollog Valley region, which was inhabited and ruled by both the Penestae and the Dardanians.[10][11][12]

History

In Livy's accounts of the

Kingdom of Macedon in the years 171–168 BC, the Penestae are not considered part of the realm of the Illyrian king Gentius.[13] During the that war the Penestae, alongside the Parthini, remained loyal to Rome.[14]

Stuberra for supplies and equipment, and then he proceeded to Uscana in Penestian territory.[7]

Siege of Uscana

The stronghold of

Romans and Illyrians. The city resisted intensely until its inhabitants realized that they did not have enough grain to counter the siege over a much longer period, noting that Perseus' Macedonian forces brought up to the walls their siege sheds. Therefore the Romans asked the Macedonian king to be allowed to leave with their properties and weapons or with their life and freedom. Perseus granted the first request, but then he confiscated the soldiers' weapons, took the Romans into custody and brought them to Stuberra. Meanwhile the Macedonian king sold into slavery the Illyrian soldiers and the inhabitants of the town.[7]

Siege of Oaeneum

The Macedonian king aimed also to capture

Lissus.[7]

Culture

Language

Main article: Illyrian language

The idiom spoken by the Penestae is included in the southern Illyrian onomastic province in modern linguistics.[15][16] The territory they inhabited belongs to the area that is considered in current scholarship as the linguistic core of Illyrian.[17]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Stipčević 1989, p. 28; Jaupaj 2019, p. 69; Lippert & Matzinger 2021, pp. 13.
  2. ^ a b c d Jaupaj 2019, p. 69
  3. ^ Gavoille 2019, p. 7.
  4. ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 69; Wilkes 1992, pp. 136, 172; Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 65.
  5. ^ Leukart 1994, p. 158
  6. ^ a b Guijarro Ruano & del Barrio Vega 2019, p. 314
  7. ^ a b c d e Burton 2017, p. 144
  8. ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 69; Wilkes 1992, pp. 136, 172; Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 65.
  9. ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 69
  10. ISBN 978-0-19-814815-9
    .
  11. ISBN 9789050633567
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-19-814883-8
    .
  13. ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 70
  14. ^ Burton 2017, p. 145
  15. ^ Polomé 1983, p. 537: "The old kingdom of Illyria, south of Lissos, covered the territory of several tribes who shared a common language, apparently of Indo-European stock: the Taulantii, on the coast, south of Dyrrachium; the Parthini, north of this town; the Dassaretae, inland, near Lake Lychnidos and in the Drin valley; north of them were the Penestae; in the mountains, an older group, the Enchelei, lingered on." [footnote 84:] "In the oldest sources, the term 'Illyrian' appears to be restricted to the tribes of the Illyricum regnum (PAPAZOGLU, 1965). Linguistically, it can only legitimately be applied to the southeastern part of the expanded Roman Illyricum; the Delmatae and the Pannonii to the northwest mus have constituted an ethnically and linguistically distinct group (KATIČIĆ, 1968: 367-8)."
  16. ^ Šašel Kos 2002, p. 117: "The Illyrian peoples, mentioned in the sources in which the events concerning the Illyrian kingdom are narrated – to name the most outstanding – are the Taulantii, Atintani, Parthini, Enchelei, Penestae, Dassaretii, Ardiaei, Labeates, and the Daorsi. All of these peoples were conceivably more or less closely related in terms of culture, institutions and language. Many of them may have had their own kings, some of whom attained great power and actively took part in the struggle for power in the Hellenistic world. The name “Illyrian” must have carried enough prestige at the time of the rise of the Ardiaean dynasty within the Illyrian kingdom that it was imposed at a later date, when the Romans conquered Illyria and the rest of the Balkans, as the official name of the future provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia."
  17. ^ Haebler 2002, p. 475: "To be cautious, only that language, which was spread along the south-eastern Adriatic coast northward and southward from Dyrrhachium (today Durrës) and inland to Lake Lychnidos (today Ohrid) in the settlement area of the Illyrian tribes of the Parthini, Taulanti, Dassaretae and Penestae, must be considered as Illyrian at present."

Bibliography

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