Polog

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For other uses, see Polog (disambiguation).
Polog Valley, as seen from Suva Gora mountain
Fields in Polog Valley
Šar Mountain
.

Polog (Macedonian: Полог, romanized: Polog; Albanian: Pollog), also known as the Polog Valley (Macedonian: Полошка Котлина, romanized: Pološka Kotlina; Albanian: Lugina e Pollogut), is located in the north-western part of North Macedonia, near the border with Kosovo.

It is divided into Upper (Macedonian: Горен Полог, romanized: Gorni Polog) and Lower Polog (Macedonian: Долен Полог, romanized: Dolen Polog). Tetovo and Gostivar are the largest populated towns in this valley and Albanians form an ethnic majority in the region.

Polog Statistical Region is named after the valley.

Etymology

The name Polog (Cyrillic: Полог) is Slavic in origin[1] most likely coming from the Slavic word pole (Cyrillic: поле) meaning "field".

History

Antiquity

The Polog Valley and the surrounding regions belonged to the Illyro-Dardanian cultural sphere of influence. Throughout antiquity, the Polog valley and its main settlements - Oaeneum and Draudacum - were ruled and inhabited by the Illyrian Penestae tribe as well as the Dardanians.[2][3][4] The Polog region served as a border region between the Dardanians and the lands of the Paeonians.[5][6][7][8] In the period of 800–550 BC, the Dardani broke into Pelagonia via Oaeneum (Tetova) and Draudacum (Gostivar) and pushed the Phrygian Bridges there into the northern hills.[8]

During the

Uskana, Perseus of Macedon captured Draudacum and Oaeneum, thereby subduing the Polog region temporarily.[7][9] However, by 168 BCE, Gentius and Perseus were both defeated by the Romans and the Polog Valley region became a part of the Roman province of Illyricum
.

Roman Period

The Polog region remained within Illyricum until

St Paul preached the Gospel in the region.[11]

Middle Ages

The earliest references to the division of Polog in what is today "lower" and "upper" can be found in the Alexiad written by Anna Komnene when she mentions two Pologs, and the earliest records to the division of Polog into specifically "lower" and "upper" in the 12th century.[12] Serbian medieval sources also make a distinction between a "lower" and "upper" Polog but most commonly they refer to "the two Pologs", the region was put under firm control of the Serbian state in the reign of King Milutin where the first cases of pronoia in the Serbian state were recorded[13] Some of the earliest recorded settlements in Polog are from the 11th century with only one having the rank of city,

Tetovo, Banica/i, Rečica, Lisec, Točil, Leskov- jane, Nerašte, Radeevo. Of these settlements Htetovo would become the central hub of the region, today known as Tetovo. Because of the famous Holy Mother of God monastery in the vicinity the city will experience rapid progress, while the previously larger cities of Gradec and Lešok would stagnate and become villages.[14]
The region including the city of Tetovo would remain under the dominance of the Serbs until the arrival of the Ottomans.[15] Between the years 1348–1353, Albanians are mentioned by Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan as farmers and soldiers in the district of Tetovo within the Polog region.[16] In 1337, Dušan restored the Monastery of St Mary (Lešok Monastery) and gifted the monastery the local Albanian villages in the region, as well as the Nanov Dol highlands. Dušan barred everyone, particularly the Albanians, from grazing the sheep in these highlands.[16]

Ottoman Period

The region was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Empire, but would become a border region between the Ottomans and the Albanian League of Lezhë that was headed by Skanderbeg during Skanderbeg's Rebellion. Skanderbeg and the Albanians would win numerous victories over the Ottoman Turks in the Pollog region, such as the Battle of Polog in 1453 - where a force of 14,000 Ottomans under Ibrahim Pasha was destroyed - or another battle in 1462, when a force of 18,000 Ottomans under Isuf bey were yet again defeated by Skanderbeg and the Albanians.[17][18] Voisava Kastrioti, the mother of Skanderbeg, is believed to be the daughter of a minor lord from the Pollog Valley.[19][20]

Polog and its vicinity including the city of Tetovo would be given to Pasha Yigit after its conquest in 1392 alongside Skopje and would be part of the Kalkendelen kaza which was an affiliated kaza of the Skopje Sandjak.[21]

After the

Albanian Muhaxhirs settled in the Pollog Valley region.[22]

Albanian arrivals from the

Novo Selo, Rečane, Vrutok, Pečkovo, Zdunje, Vrapčište, Kalište and Gradec. In Lower Pollog, these migrants settled in: Gorno Sedlarce, Rakovec, Žerovjane, Radiovce, Tenovo, Lukovica, Sedlarevo and Gurgurnica.[23]

Modern Period

In 1912–1913, there were 43,230 Albanians living in the Pollog Valley region.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Petrovski, Boban (2015). Mediaeval Settlements and Roads in Polog Written records. Студентски сервис - Скопје. Archived from the original on 2022-06-19.
  2. ISBN 978-0-19-814815-9
    .
  3. ISBN 9789050633567
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-19-814883-8
    .
  5. ^ Zhiva antika, Volumes 46-47. Društvo za antički studii na SRM. 1997. p. 48.
  6. ^ Smith, William (2012). Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, Volume 2. p. 457. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-283340-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link
    )
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-814815-9. Retrieved 26 February 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link
    )
  9. ISBN 978-0-520-07374-6
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-19-814815-9
    . Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  11. ^ Schnabel, Sckhard. Paul the Missionary: Realities, Strategies, and Methods. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2008. p. 113.
  12. ^ Petrovski, Boban. Mediaeval Settlements and Roads in Polog - Written records. Retrieved 23 June 2022. However, the earliest clear initial reference to it comes from mid - 12 th century, from the «Alexiad» by the Byzantine author Anna Komnina where she mentions two Pologs ( δ Ý ο Πολόβους ). As early as in the second half of the 12 th century, as well as throughout the 13th and the first half of the 14th centuries we record explicit references to Upper and/or Lower Polog in original written sources {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Koprivica, Marija. "Polog pod srpskom vlašću u srednjem veku, Spomenica akademika Miloša Blagojevića, Beograd 2015, 65-94/ Polog under Serbian Rule in the Middle Ages". Academia Edu. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  14. ^ Petrovski, Boban. Mediaeval Settlements and Roads in Polog - Written records. Retrieved 23 June 2022. In economic terms, the primacy of the village of Htetovo in the region of Polog is undisputed. Due to the reputation of the famous monastery of the „Holy Mother of God" in Htetovo, a fair was organized there, while written records also speak of the village square. This information, processed with the application of the „Central Place Theory" whose popularity constantly grows, leads us to the perception of Htetovo as the hub of economic life in Polog („Standard Market Towns"), although in the historical period that is the subject of our research this settlement did not have the rank of the city yet./In certain settlements we noted retrograde processes. Two cities became villages (Lešok and Gradec) {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  15. ^ İnbaşı, Mehmet. "HE KAZA OF KALKANDELEN (Tetovo) (1455-1569)". Academia.edu. Retrieved 24 June 2022. During the reign of Stephan Nemanja (l167-1196), the founder of the Serbian State, and his successors, the city of Skopje and Tetovo, its small district stayed under the dominance of Serbs, who existed in Macedonia until the arrival of the Ottomans in the region.
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-3039113200
    .
  17. ^ Franco p. 329.
  18. ISBN 9789992716229
    .
  19. ^ Omari 2014, p. 41
  20. ISBN 9789992716229
    .
  21. ^ İnbaşı, Mehmet. "HE KAZA OF KALKANDELEN (Tetovo) (1455-1569)". Academia.edu. Retrieved 24 June 2022. In the tachir made in 1569 after Skopje was granted the status of Sandjak in 1551 Kalkendelen was again recorded as a 'nahiye'. However, it is perceived that Kalkandelen is an affiliated kaza of the Skopje Sandjak
  22. ^ Konferenca shkencore e 100-vjetorit të Lidhjes Shqiptare të Prizrenit: referate dhe kumtesa të mbajtura në Seksionin e Historisë. Prishtina: Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës. 1981. p. 575.
  23. ^ Mirčevska 2007, pp. 53, 280–270.
  24. ISBN 978-9989720710.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )

Sources

External links

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