Phascolarctos

Phascolarctos
A Otway National Park , Victoria, Australia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Diprotodontia
Family:	Phascolarctidae
Genus:	Phascolarctos Blainville, 1816
Type species
Lipurus cinereus Goldfuss, 1817[1]
Species
Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss, 1817), koala †Phascolarctos maris N. S. Pledge. 1987. † Phascolarctos stirtoni Bartholomai 1968. †Phascolarctos yorkensis (Black and Archer, 1997)
Synonyms[2]
Draximenus Anonymous, 1829 Draximenus Lay, 1825 Koala Schinz, 1821 Kola Gray, 1821 Lipurus Goldfuss, 1817 Liscurus McMurtrie, 1834 Morodactylus Goldfuss, 1820 Phascolarctus Brookes, 1828

Phascolarctos is a genus of

The genus was named by French zoologist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1816.^[3][4]

The type species, the modern koala, was named as

The name is derived from Ancient Greek φάσκωλος (phaskolos), referring to a leather pouch or bag, and ἄρκτος (arktos), meaning "bear".^[9]

Description

Phascolarctos is a genus of large arboreal marsupials that has specialised in leaves of Eucalyptus, a poor quality and potentially toxic food source that is unavailable to most other native mammals.^[10] The extinct species are presumed to have similar diet and habits to the modern koala, the largest Australian folivore, which was exceeded in size by the even more robust P. stirtoni.^[11] The tail of koalas is almost absent, an unusual characteristic for a tree climbing mammal, although other anatomical features are well suited to that habitat. They have some resemblance to the wombats, a family of large terrestrial marsupials which are allied with koalas as Vombatiformes.^[10]

The fossil material referred to the extinct species of this genus is scarce and fragmentary. Some remains are tentatively referred to Phascolarctos stirtoni, and the specimen for Phascolarctos maris, a partial lower molar, was later suggested by Karen H. Black to be an example of variance within the P. stirtoni species.^[12]

Distribution

Phascolarctos species have been discovered as fossil remains in several regions across southern and eastern Australia, in South Australia, Queensland and Victoria, and still occurs in those states and New South Wales. The modern koala is also known in the fossil record of the southwest of Australia and many other regions, but no occurrence of a living or extinct Phascolarctos species is recorded in the states of Tasmania and the Northern Territory.^[11]

The existing koala P. cinereus once had a wide range across the continent, which substantially contracted as a consequence of climatic changes that included extremes such as glacial cycles. Extinction of regional populations includes their disappearance from Western Australia after the mid to late Pleistocene, where their previous success is indicated by numerous fossils discovered in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste region. The disappearance from Southwest Australia coincided with a change in the region's fire regimes.^[11]

The temporal range of the Phascolarctus species includes fossils dated to the early Pliocene and mid to late Pleistocene.^[12] The earliest record of P. cinereus, the only species of the modern era, is dated to around 350 000 years ago. Phascolarctus is a remnant of a family that includes eight to ten genera, the Phascolarctidae, which diverged around 26 million years ago (during the Oligocene epoch).^[11]

The records for Phascolarctos yorkensis (Pledge, 1992) include occurrences in Curramulka Local Fauna in South Australia and Wellington Caves in New South Wales, possibly datable to the late Miocene.^[11]

Classification

Phascolarctos gives its name to the

Family Phascolarctidae^[13]

• Genus †Nimiokoala
• Genus †Invictokoala^[14]
• Genus †Madakoala
• Genus †Litokoala
• Genus †Koobor
• Genus †Perikoala
• Genus Phascolarctos
  • Koala - Phascolarctos cinereus
  • †Phascolarctos maris N. S. Pledge. 1987.^[15][9]
  • †
    Phascolarctos stirtoni Bartholomai 1968.^[16][9]
  • †
    junior synonym.^[12][9]
• Genus †Priscakoala^[17]