Plymouth (automobile)
This article possibly contains original research. (March 2011) |
Produced by |
|
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Introduced | July 7, 1928Walter Chrysler (94 years ago) | by
Discontinued | June 29, 2001 |
Related brands | Dodge |
Markets | North America |
Previous owners |
|
Plymouth was a
History
Origins
The Plymouth automobile was introduced at
The origins of Plymouth can be traced back to the
Great Depression, 1930s–1940s
While the original purpose of the Plymouth was to serve the lower end of a booming automobile market, during the
In 1933, Chrysler decided to catch up with
The PC was shipped overseas to Sweden, Denmark, and the UK, as well as Australia. In the UK, it was sold as a 'Chrysler Kew', the town of Kew being the location of the Chrysler factory in a district in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. The flathead six which started with the 1933 Model PC stayed in the Plymouth until the 1959 models.
In 1939, Plymouth produced 417,528 vehicles, of which 5,967 were two-door convertible coupes[10] with rumble seats. The 1939 convertible coupe was prominently featured at Chrysler's exhibit at the 1939 New York World's Fair, advertised as the first mass-production convertible with a power-folding top. It featured a 201 cu in (3.3 L), 82 hp (61 kW; 83 PS) version of the flathead six engine.
For much of its life, Plymouth was one of the top-selling American automobile brands; it, together with
1950s
In 1954, Plymouth offered an optional torque converter mated to a standard three-speed transmission, marketed as "PowerFlite". It improved upon the "Hy-Drive" semiautomatic transmission which had been introduced the previous year.[12] On March 25, 1954, Chrysler officially introduced to the public its first attempt at a turbine-powered car. Chrysler installed an experimental turbine, developed specifically for road vehicles, in a Plymouth.[13] The car used was a standard 1954 Belvedere two-door hardtop. This was the beginning of a decades-long but unsuccessful attempt to develop and market a viable car powered by a turbine engine.
1955 saw Plymouth's dramatic redesign by Chrysler stylist Virgil Exner. Longer, lower, wider, it was a sensation and sales zoomed up 52% over 1954. In addition to the "Forward Look" styling, the new car got its first modern, overhead-valve V8 displacing 241 cu in (3.9 L). The optional PowerFlite fully automatic transmission had a selector lever on the instrument panel.
In 1956, Plymouth introduced the
In 1957,
1960s
Although Plymouth sales suffered as a result of the quality control problems and excesses of the Exner-styled models in the early 1960s, people bought enough of the cars to keep the division profitable. Starting in 1961, the Valiant compact became a Plymouth, further boosting sales. Under the impression that Chevrolet was about to "downsize" its 1962 models, Chrysler introduced a significantly smaller standard Plymouth for 1962. As is known, Chevrolet's big cars were not downsized, catching Plymouth in a sales slump in a market where "bigger was better". The 1963 Fury, Belvedere, and Savoy were slightly larger, featuring a totally new body style, highlighted by prominent outboard front parking lights. For 1964, Plymouth got another major restyle, featuring a new "slantback" roofline for hardtop coupes that would prove popular.
For 1965, the Plymouth Fury models were built on the new C-body platform. The Savoy line was discontinued and the Belvedere was classified as an intermediate, retaining the B-body platform used starting 1962. The low-end series was Fury I, the mid-level model was Fury II, and the higher-end models were Fury IIIs. The Sport Fury, which featured bucket seats and a console shifter, was a mix of luxury and sport. Ford and Chevrolet had introduced luxury editions of their big cars for 1965 and Plymouth responded with the 1966 Sport Fury with a 383 cu in (6.3 L) V8 and the VIP was introduced as a more luxurious version of the Fury. Furys, Belvederes, and Valiants continued to sell well during the late-1960s and early-1970s. While Fury I and Fury II were only available in the U.S. as sedans, Fury II was available as a two-door hardtop in addition to the pillared sedans in Canada.
The performance car market segment expanded during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The 1964
1970s
By the 1970s, emissions and safety regulations, along with soaring gasoline prices and an economic downturn, meant demand dropped for all muscle-type models. As with other American vehicles of the time,[
The E-body Barracuda was now "able to shake the stigma of 'economy car'."[18] Three versions were offered for 1970 and 1971: the base Barracuda (BH), the luxury oriented Gran Coupe (BP), and the sport model 'Cuda (BS).[19] Beginning mid-year 1970, and ending with the 1971 model, there also was the Barracuda Coupe (A93), a low-end model that included the 198 cu in (3.2 L) Slant Six as a base engine, lower-grade interior, and (like other Coupe series Chrysler Corp. offered that year) had fixed quarter glass instead of roll-down rear passenger windows.[20] The high-performance models were marketed as 'Cuda deriving from the 1969 option. The E-body's engine bay was larger than that of the previous A-body, facilitating the release of Chrysler's 426 cu in (7.0 L) Hemi for the regular retail market.[citation needed]
For 1970 and 1971, the Barracuda and Barracuda Gran Coupe had two six-cylinder engines available — a new 198 cu in (3.2 L) version of the slant-6, and the 225 — as well as three different V8s: a 318 cu in (5.2 L), as well as a 383 cu in (6.3 L) with a two-barrel carburetor and single exhaust and with a four-barrel carburetor and dual exhaust producing 330 hp (246 kW) SAE gross. The Cuda had the 383ci 335 hp (250 kW) SAE gross (same as Dodge's 383 Magnum) as the standard engine. Optional were the 440 cu in (7.2 L) with four-barrel carburetor "Super Commando" or the six-barrel "Super Commando Six Pak" as well as the 426 cu in (7.0 L) Hemi.[21] The 440- and Hemi-equipped cars received upgraded suspension components and structural reinforcements to help transfer the power to the road.[citation needed]
In 1970, the power plant options offered to the customer were:
- 275 hp (200 kW) SAE gross in the 340-4V.
- 335 hp (250 kW) SAE gross in the high performance 383-4V,
- 375 hp (280 kW) SAE gross in the 440-4V,
- 390 hp (290 kW) SAE gross in the 440-6V, and
- 425 hp (317 kW) SAE gross in the 426-8V.
Other Barracuda options included decal sets, hood modifications, and unusual "high impact" colors.
The compact Valiant sold well and built a reputation for attractive styling, durability, economy, and value. Although the Valiant hardtop was discontinued for 1967, it was reintroduced as a virtual clone of the Dodge Dart Swinger for 1971 under the model name "Valiant Scamp". The Scamp was produced along with the Valiant, Dodge Dart, and Swinger until 1976, when it was replaced with the Volaré. Featuring transverse-mounted torsion bars and a slightly larger body, the Volaré (and its Dodge twin, the Aspen) was an instant sales success. Available as coupe, sedan, or station wagon, the Volaré offered a smoother ride and better handling than the Dart/Valiant, but suffered quality control problems and by 1980, was selling poorly.
Realizing that front-wheel drive, four-cylinder engines, and rack-and-pinion steering would become the standards for the 1980s, Chrysler introduced a new compact car for 1978, the Plymouth Horizon/Dodge Omni twins, based on a Simca platform. Horizon sold well, but suffered from a scathing report by Consumer Reports, which found its handling dangerous in certain situations. Plymouth continued to sell the Horizon until 1987, when a variety of front-wheel drive compact cars made up the line. Big Plymouths, including the Fury and Gran Fury, were sold until the early 1980s, but mostly as fleet vehicles. While attempting to compete with Ford and Chevrolet for big-car sales, Plymouth was hurt by Chrysler's financial woes in the late 1970s, when both its competitors downsized their full-size models.
1980s
Most Plymouth models, especially those offered from the 1970s onward, such as the
The Plymouth Reliant and
The Reliant replaced the
In 1982, Plymouth downsized the Gran Fury again, this time sharing the mid-size
In 1984, Chrysler marketed the
For 1987, the Voyager received minor cosmetic updates as well as the May 1987 introduction of the Grand Voyager, which was built on a longer wheelbase adding more cargo room. It was available only with SE or LE trim. First-generation Voyager minivans were offered in three trim levels: an unnamed base model, mid-grade SE, and high-end LE, the latter bearing
For 1987, which was the Sundance's first year, it was available in a single base model. For 1988, a higher-end RS model was available. The RS model, which stood for Rally Sport, came with standard features that included two-tone paint, fog lights, and a leather-wrapped steering wheel. It was also available with a turbocharged 2.2 L I4 engine, and other amenities like an Infinity sound system, tinted window glass, and dual power mirrors. For 1991, the base model split into two distinct models: entry-level America and mid-level Highline, in addition to the high-end RS. The stripped-down America had previously been offered for the Plymouth Horizon's final year in 1990.
The AA-body cars were
In addition to its entry-level base model, the Acclaim was initially available in mid-range LE and high-end LX trim. The LE and LX models came equipped with features such as premium cloth seating, power windows/door locks, premium sound systems, bodyside cladding, additional exterior brightwork, and on the latter 15-inch lace-spoke aluminum wheels.
Final years: 1990s–2001
By the 1990s, Plymouth had lost much of its identity, as its models continued to overlap in features and prices with its sister brands, Dodge and Eagle.[31] Chrysler attempted to remedy this by repositioning Plymouth to its traditional target market as the automaker's entry-level brand. This included giving Plymouth its own new sailboat logo and advertisements that focused solely on value.[31][36] However, this only further narrowed Plymouth's product offerings and buyer appeal, and sales continued to fall.[37]
Chrysler considered giving Plymouth a variant of the highly successful new-for-1993 full-size
After discontinuing the
From a peak production of 973,000 for the 1973 model year, Plymouth rarely exceeded 200,000 cars per year after 1990. Even the Voyager sales were usually less than 50% of that of the Dodge Caravan. In Canada, the Plymouth name was defunct at the end of the 1999 model year. Consequently, DaimlerChrysler decided to drop the make after a limited run of 2001 models. This was announced on November 3, 1999.[39]
The last new model sold under the Plymouth marque was the second-generation Neon for 2000. The PT Cruiser was ultimately launched as a Chrysler, and the Prowler and Voyager were absorbed into that make, as well. Following the 2001 model year, the Neon was sold only as a Dodge in the US, though it remained available as a Chrysler in Canadian and other markets. The
Timeline
- 1955: Plymouth first offered a V8 engine. Plymouth and the other Chrysler divisions received "The New 100-Million Dollar Look".
- 1956: The automatic three-speed TorqueFlite transmission was introduced on some premium models. The Plymouth Fury was introduced.
- 1957: As with all other Chrysler divisions, the Forward Lookdesign made its debut on the 1957 Plymouths. Torsion-Aire front suspension was introduced on all models.
- 1960: Dodge introduced the smaller, lower-priced Dart model that competed directly with Plymouth's offerings. The new compact Valiant was introduced as a marque unto itself. All Plymouths now featured unit-body construction. A new base "Slant-6" engine was introduced with a 30-degree slant and overhead valves.
- 1961: Valiant was repositioned as a Plymouth model for the US market; Dodge got the and then Pontiac assumed third place in industry sales for the remainder of the 1960s.
- 1962: Sales dropped dramatically with the introduction of a line of unpopularly styled, downsized full-sized models.
- 1963: Valiant received a new, trim body resulting in a significant increase in sales. Full-sized models were restyled to look larger.
- 1964: The new Barracuda fastback coupe was introduced in April. Full-sized models were restyled with a new "slantback" hardtop coupe roofline.
- 1965: Plymouth rejoined the full-sized car market with the new Fury, based on the Chrysler C-body. The intermediate B-body model line became the Belvedere and Satellite for 1965. Push-button automatic transmission controls were replaced with a conventional column- or floor-mounted lever.
- 1967: The GTX was introduced.
- 1968: The Road Runner entered the Plymouth line-up.
- 1970: Duster coupe was introduced in the Valiant line for 1970 as well as the new E-body Barracuda.
- 1971: The British Hillman Avenger was imported as the Plymouth Cricket; it was discontinued in mid-1973. The new Valiant Scamp two-door hardtop was a badge-engineered Dodge Dart Swinger.
- 1973: Plymouth production hit an all-time peak of 973,000. The Plymouth Cricket in Canada was now based on the Dodge Colt.
- 1974: The full-sized Trail Duster SUV, based on the Dodge Ramcharger, were introduced. The Dodge Dart and Plymouth Valiantwere, for the first time, different only in name and minor trim details (grille and tail lamps) as the two cars now shared the same 111-inch wheelbase (both divisions' fastbacks remain 108 in). The Barracuda was discontinued 10 years to the day it began production on April 1.
- 1975: The car that was to become the 1975 Plymouth Sebring was instead released as the new Chrysler Cordoba.[citation needed]
- 1976: The Volaré was launched, and the Valiant was discontinued at year-end.
- 1977: The large Gran Fury was discontinued.
- 1978: The mid-sized Fury was discontinued at the end of the model year. The subcompact Horizonwas introduced. Chrysler Canada introduced the Plymouth Caravelle based on the Dodge Diplomat.
- 1979–1980: Chrysler made several thousand more Dodges than Plymouths for the first time (404,266 to 372,449 in 1979 and 308,638 to 290,974 in 1980). More Plymouths would be made than Dodges for 1981 and 1982, but from then on, there would always be more Dodges made than Plymouths.
- 1980: The Newport-based Gran Fury (R-body) was introduced. This was the last year for the Volaré and Road Runner.
- 1981: The Plymouth Reliant K was introduced. The full-sized Gran Fury sedan and Trail Duster SUV were discontinued.
- 1982: The mid-sized Plymouth Gran Fury, a Dodge Diplomat with a Plymouth grille, was introduced in the United States.
- 1983: The subcompact Turismo. The full-sized Voyagervan was discontinued.
- 1984: The multi-purpose vehicle(MPV) were introduced.
- 1985: The E-body Plymouth Caravelle was introduced in the United States.
- 1987: The compact P-body Plymouth Sundance entered the line-up with three- and five-door hatchbacks. The Turismo was discontinued, and the five-door Horizon was rebranded "Horizon America" with the most popular options made standard equipment with the less-popular ones dropped, along with a substantial price cut.
- 1987.5: The Grand Voyager, an extended wheelbase version of the preexisting Voyager, is introduced.
- 1989: The .
- 1990: The Mitsubishi-based Plymouth Laser sport-compact was introduced. The L-body Horizon was discontinued.
- 1991: The second generation of the Voyager/Grand Voyager is introduced.
- 1992: The higher-priced Acclaim models were repositioned as entry trim Chrysler LeBarons. Total sales of Acclaim and LeBaron dropped. Total 1993 Plymouth model-year production dropped to 159,775, along with 237,875 Voyager models. Dodge built 300,666 Caravans alone, and 263,539 non-Caravan models.
- 1994: The little-advertised Neon, a car that Chrysler decided to offer as a Plymouth after dealers protested the loss of the Sundance and Colt with no replacement.
- 1995: Plymouth's lineup was at its all-time low, with just three cars: the Acclaim, the Neon, and the Voyager/Grand Voyager. The number went up to four in 1997, with the introduction of the Prowler, but never got any higher.
- 1996: Chrysler announced the new Plymouth Breeze six months after sister Dodge Stratus and Chrysler Cirrus models. Chrysler originally had no plans to replace the Acclaim model.[citation needed] In an attempt to move Plymouth downmarket, Chrysler made the redesigned Voyager only available in base and mid-level SE models. All of the higher-end trim levels available on the previous generation were now only found on the Dodge Caravan. The high-end trim levels could still be found in certain markets outside the US.
- 1997: Production for the 1997 model year was 178,807 cars plus 187,347 Voyager models. Dodge built 448,394 cars and 355,400 Caravans.
- 1999: Total 1999 production for Plymouth cars was 195,714 with Dodge at 394,052. Voyager production numbered 197,020, compared to 354,641 Caravans. The redesigned 2000 Neon became the brand's last new model.
- 2000: The mid-sized Breeze ended production. This was also the last year for the Voyager minivan as a Plymouth. All 2000 Voyagers built in December 1999 and beyond were badged as Chrysler Voyagers. In Canada, the redesigned Neon was sold under the Chrysler name and both the Plymouth and Dodge names were dropped on all car models, save for the Prowler and Viper. The Voyager name was dropped in Canada as all Chrysler dealers sold Dodge trucks, including the Caravan. Total 2000 model year production for Plymouth was 108,546 compared to 459,988 Dodge cars. Voyager production totaled 123,869 versus 330,370 Caravan models.
- 2001: In Plymouth's final model year, only the Neon remained. The Prowler and the Voyager became Chryslers. The Voyager gained a high-end LX trim, as well as a base eC trim, and it retained the SE trim. The Breeze was dropped as Chrysler issued the Chrysler Sebring sedan to replace the Chrysler Cirrus. The PT Cruiser was launched as a Chrysler, though it was originally planned to be a Plymouth. The final Plymouth, a Neon, was assembled on June 28, 2001, at the Belvidere Assembly Plant, with a total of 38,657 built for the model year.
Plymouth car models
- Plymouth Model 30U (1930)
- Plymouth Acclaim (1989–1995)
- Plymouth Arrow (1976–1980, rebadged Mitsubishi Lancer Celeste)
- Mitsubishi Forte)
- Plymouth Barracuda (1964–1974)
- Plymouth Belvedere (1954–1970)
- Plymouth Breeze(1996–2000)
- Plymouth Business (1935–1938)
- Plymouth Caravelle (1985–1988)
- Plymouth Cambridge (1951–1953)
- Plymouth Champ (1979–1982, rebadged Mitsubishi Mirage)
- Plymouth Colt (1983–1994, rebadged Mitsubishi Mirage)
- Plymouth Colt Vista (1984–1994, rebadged Mitsubishi Chariot)
- Plymouth Commercial Car (1937–1941)
- Plymouth Concord (1951–1952)
- Plymouth Conquest (1984–1986, rebadged Mitsubishi Starion)
- Plymouth Cranbrook (1951–1953)
- Plymouth Cricket (1971–1975, rebadged Hillman Avenger)
- Plymouth Deluxe(1933–1942, 1946–1950)
- Plymouth Special Deluxe(1941–1942, 1946–1950)
- Plymouth Duster (1970–1976)
- Plymouth Fury (1956–1978)
- Plymouth Sport Fury (1959, 1962–1971)
- Plymouth VIP(1966–1969)
- Plymouth Gran Fury (1975–1977, 1980–1989)
- Plymouth Grand Voyager(1987–2000)
- Plymouth GTX (1967–1971)
- Plymouth Horizon(1978–1990)
- Plymouth Laser (1990–1994, rebadged Mitsubishi Eclipse)
- Plymouth Model PA (1931)
- Plymouth Model Q (1928)
- Plymouth Model U (1929)
- Plymouth Neon(1994–2001)
- Plymouth Plaza (1954–1958)
- Plymouth Prowler (1997 and 1999–2001)
- Plymouth Reliant (1981–1989)
- Plymouth Roadking (1938–1941)
- Plymouth Road Runner (1968–1975)
- Plymouth Sapporo (1978–1983, rebadged Mitsubishi Galant Lambda)
- Plymouth Satellite (1966–1974)
- Plymouth Savoy (1951–1964)
- Plymouth Scamp (1983)
- Plymouth Six (1934)
- Plymouth Special Six (1934)
- Plymouth Standard (1933, 1935)
- Plymouth Sundance(1987–1994)
- Plymouth Suburban (1949–1961)
- Plymouth Superbird (1970)
- Plymouth TC3(1979–1982)
- Plymouth Trail Duster(1974–1981)
- Plymouth Turismo(1983–1987)
- Plymouth Valiant (1960–1976)
- Plymouth Scamp (1971-1976)
- Plymouth Volaré(1976–1980)
- Plymouth Road Runner(1976–1980)
- Plymouth Voyager (1974–2000)
Plymouth trucks
Plymouth built various trucks and vans over the years, mainly rebadged Dodge or Chrysler vehicles. Early pickups, delivery trucks, and other commercial trucks were available, and later an SUV, full-sized vans, and minivans. Plymouth had supplied components to the Fargo vehicles, another member of the Chrysler family, but entered the commercial market in 1937 with the PT50.[40]
-
1937 Express pickup
-
1937 PT50 delivery truck
-
1979 Trail Duster
-
1985 Voyager LE
-
1991 Grand Voyager LE
-
1998 Voyager Expresso
Truck models
- Plymouth PT50 - 1937 - Express pickup, panel delivery van, cab, and chassis, as well as station wagon
- Plymouth PT57 - 1938 - Express pickup, panel delivery van, cab, and chassis
- Plymouth PT81 - 1939 - Express pickup, cab, and chassis
- Plymouth PT105 - 1940 - Express pickup
- Plymouth PT125 - 1941 - Express pickup
- Plymouth Trail Duster - 1974-1981 - SUV, same as Dodge Ramcharger
- Dodge Sportsman
- Plymouth Scamp - 1983 - front-wheel-drive pickup, same as Dodge Rampage
- Chrysler Town & Country; also sold as Chrysler Voyagerfrom 1999 to 2003
- Plymouth Arrow Truck - 1979-1982 - compact pickup built by Mitsubishi
Plymouth concept cars
Model | Year | Type | Specifications | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|
XX-500[41] | 1951 | Sedan |
||
Belmont | c. 1953 | 2-seater Convertible | 3.9 L 150 hp (112 kW; 152 PS) V8 | |
Explorer | 1954 | Coupé |
3.7 L 110 hp (82 kW; 112 PS) Straight-six engine | |
Cabana | 1958 | Station wagon | Non-runner | Unique glass roof for the rear portion of the car. |
XNR | 1960 | 2-seater convertible | 2.8 L 250 hp (186 kW; 253 PS) Straight-six engine[42] | |
Asimmetrica | 1961 | 3.7 L 145 hp (108 kW; 147 PS) Straight-six engine[43] | ||
Valiant St. Regis | 1962 | Coupé |
||
V.I.P. | 1965 | 4-seater convertible | Unique roof bar from the top of the windshield to the rear deck. | |
Barracuda Formula SX | 1966 | Coupé |
||
Duster I Road Runner | 1969 | 340 hp (254 kW; 345 PS) V8 426 hp (318 kW; 432 PS) V8 |
All features of the Road Runner plus flaps on top and sides and adjustable spoilers on the side of the rear fender, all to reduce lift. | |
Rapid Transit System 'Cuda (440) | 1970 | Convertible | ||
Rapid Transit System Road Runner | Coupé |
Three-colored coasting " and green for "on the gas".
| ||
Rapid Transit System Duster 340 | 5.6 L c. 300 hp (224 kW; 304 PS) V8[44] | |||
Concept Voyager II | 1986 | Minivan | ||
Slingshot | 1988 | 2-seater coupé |
2.2 L 225 hp (168 kW; 228 PS) turbocharged Straight-four engine |
Canopy that swings upwards to open the car Adjustable four-wheel independent suspension Keyless credit card-like entry Combined headlight and rear-view mirror pods Exposed engine and suspension |
Speedster | 1989 | 2-seater convertible | No opening doors | |
Voyager 3 | Minivan | The front of the car could be driven by itself or driven when attached to a "miniature tractor-trailer "Glass roof | ||
X2S | Coupé Convertible |
2.0 L ( turbocharged) 167 hp (125 kW; 169 PS) V6 |
||
Breeze |
c. 1990 | Sedan |
2.0 L 132 hp (98 kW; 134 PS) 4 cylinder engine
2.4 L 150 hp (112 kW; 152 PS) Straight-four engine | |
Prowler | 1997 | Convertible | 3.5 L 214 hp (160 kW; 217 PS) V6 | |
Expresso | 1994 | Compact car | ||
Backpack | 1995 | 2-seat truck | 2.0 L 135 hp (101 kW; 137 PS) Inline-four engine |
Space for a laptop on a small table Built-in bike rack on the back |
Pronto | 1997 | Sedan |
1.6 L 115 hp (86 kW; 117 PS) Inline-four engine |
The front of the car resembled that of the Prowler Roll-back fabric top |
Pronto Spyder | 1998 | Convertible | 2.4 L 225 hp (168 kW; 228 PS) Straight-four engine | |
Howler | 1999 | 3.5 L c. 250 hp (186 kW; 253 PS) V6 4.7 L c. 250 hp (186 kW; 253 PS) V8 | ||
Voyager XG[45] | Minivan | 2.5 L 115 hp (86 kW; 117 PS) turbocharged diesel engine |
Powered retractable sunroof |
References
- ISBN 978-0-19-507896-1. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-415-24829-7. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8143-3091-3. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-87341-428-9. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ Knutson, Lanny. "What's in a Name? (How Plymouth Was Named)". allpar.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-87341-428-9. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-19-514705-6. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ "Walter P. Chrysler Announces New Plymouth Floating Power .. and Free Wheeling". The Gettysburg Times - Pennsylvania (advertisement). July 6, 1931. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
- ^ "1937 Plymouth "Biggest Value Brochure"". oldcarbrochures. p. 19. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ Sherlock, Joseph M. "1939 Plymouth – history". joesherlock.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ Cobb, James (June 15, 1997). "The Return of Detroit's 'Low Priced Three'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ "New Engine and Drive Put Pep in Plymouth". Popular Science. Vol. 165, no. 1. July 1954. pp. 104–107. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-56976-771-9. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ a b Benjaminson, Jim. "Plymouth cars 1957: Three Years Ahead". Allpar.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ Redgap, Curtis. "Insider's history of Plymouth - Part V". Allpar.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-7603-0761-8. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-7603-0772-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7603-0772-4. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^ "1970 Salesman's Pocket Guides". hamtramck-historical.com. pp. 50–51. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
- ^ "Dodge Challenger Specs - 1970 Challenger Deputy". challengerspecs.com. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
- ^ "1970 Barracuda production totals by powerteam". plymouthbarracuda.net. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^ Gold, Aaron; Swern, Michael. "Kronology: History of the K-Car (Plymouth Reliant, Dodge Aries, C. LeBaron)". Allpar Forums. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
- ^ a b "A Brief History of the Chrysler Minivan". allpar.com. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
- ^ Pages, The Society. "When Did Cars Get Cup Holders? - Sociological Images". Retrieved January 13, 2019.
- ^ Dean, Sam (February 18, 2013). "The History of the Car Cup Holder". Bon Appetit. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
- ^ "1984 plymouth voyager commercial", retrieved on August 25, 2010.
- ^ "1989 Tina Turner Plymouth Voyager Commercial", retrieved on August 25, 2010.
- ^ "Celine Dion : 1990 Dodge Caravan & Plymouth Voyager", retrieved on August 25, 2010.
- ^ "Plymouth Acclaim Prices" Archived March 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on January 17, 2011.
- ^ Chrysler Corporation Factory Sales Brochure "1990 Plymouth Acclaim"
- ^ a b c "How Plymouth Works: 1990, 1991, 1992 Plymouths". How Stuff Works. June 18, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
- ^ "Plymouth Acclaim, Dodge Spirit, Chrysler LeBaron and Saratoga" Information courtesy of Chrysler, allpar, retrieved on January 17, 2011.
- ^ Fifty Years of American Automobiles, the editors of Consumer Guide, Beekman House 1989, p. 335
- ^ [Swern, Michael; Gold, Aaron (September 26, 2006). "K-Chronology - Plymouth Reliant and Dodge Aries, year to year". Allpar. Retrieved June 6, 2007.]
- ^ Consumer Guide Archived May 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-316-96708-2.
- ^ "How Plymouth Works: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Plymouths". How Stuff Works. June 18, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ "Dodge Intrepid, Eagle Vision, Chrysler 300M, New Yorker, and LHS - the LH cars, with reviews". allpar.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ Benjaminson, Jim. "Plymouth commercial vehicles". allpar.com. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
- ^ "1951 Plymouth XX-500". conceptcars.it. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
- ^ "1960 Plymouth XNR - Monterey 2012". rmauctions.com.
- ^ "1962 Plymouth Ghia Asimmetrica specifications, information, data, photos 228668". carfolio.com.
- ^ "1970 Plymouth Duster 340". January 10, 2007.
- ^ "Plymouth Voyager XG Concept Minivan Appeals to New Generation". theautochannel.com.
External links
- Official website (archived October 13, 1999)
- Plymouth cars on AllPar.com
- IMCDB: Plymouth vehicles in movies and TV shows
- Shah of Iran's Plymouth XNR sells for $935,000