Plymouth

Coordinates: 50°22′17″N 4°08′32″W / 50.37139°N 4.14222°W / 50.37139; -4.14222
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the city in England. For the town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, see Plymouth, Massachusetts. For other uses, see Plymouth (disambiguation).

Plymouth
The Minster Church
Unitary Authority
1998
Areas of the city
List
Government
 • TypeUnitary authority
 • BodyPlymouth City Council
 • LeadershipA. White
 • Council controlLabour
(as of 04 July 2023)
 • Members of ParliamentFred Thomas (L)
Luke Pollard (L)
Rebecca Smith (C)
Area
[2]
 • Total
30 sq mi (80 km2)
 • Rank215th (of 296)
Highest elevation
509 ft (155 m)
Lowest elevation
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2021 Census)
 • Total
277,695 (city / unitary authority)
300,983 (urban)
 • Rank66th (of 296)
 • Demonyms
Plymothian (formal)
Janner (informal)
Ethnicity (2021)
 • Ethnic groups
List
Religion (2021)
[3]
 • Religion
List
Postcode district
PL1–9
Area code01752
ISO 3166 codeGB-PLY
PoliceDevon and Cornwall
AmbulanceSouth Western
FireDevon and Somerset
Websitewww.plymouth.gov.uk Edit this at Wikidata

Plymouth (/ˈplɪməθ/ ⓘ PLIM-əth) is a port city and unitary authority in Devon, South West England. It is located on Devon's south coast between the rivers Plym and Tamar, about 36 miles (58 km) southwest of Exeter and 193 miles (311 km) southwest of London. It is the most populous city in Devon.

Plymouth's history extends back to the

dockyard was established on the River Tamar for the Royal Navy and Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port throughout the Industrial Revolution
.

After absorbing nearby settlements in 1914, the borough was awarded city status in 1928. During World War II, Plymouth suffered extensive damage in the Plymouth Blitz, leading to post-war rebuilding that significantly shaped its modern appearance. A further expansion of its boundaries in 1967 contributed to its current status as the 30th-most populous built-up area in the UK and the second-largest city in the South West after Bristol, with a population in 2022 of 266,862.

Plymouth's economy, historically rooted in shipbuilding and seafaring, has transitioned towards a service-based economy since the 1990s. It maintains strong maritime connections, hosting HMNB Devonport, the largest operational naval base in Western Europe, and offering ferry links to Brittany and Spain. The city is also home to the University of Plymouth, reflecting its educational and cultural significance. Today, the city is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three[4] Members of Parliament.

History

Main article: History of Plymouth
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Plymouth.

Early history

Maristow Camp to the north.[9]

The settlement of

Pipe Roll of 1211.[11] Plympton Priory owned land at Sutton and secured a charter from Henry III in 1254 granting the priory the right to hold a weekly market and annual fair at Sutton, making it a market town.[12]

Early defence and Renaissance

Prysten House (1498) on Finewell Street is the oldest surviving house in Plymouth, built from local Plymouth limestone and Dartmoor granite.

During the

Breton raiders.[14] On 12 November 1439 the market town of Sutton was incorporated as a borough and formally renamed Plymouth, with a subsequent charter the following year formalising its boundaries. It was the first time a borough charter had been issued by parliament rather than directly from the monarch.[15][16]

In the late fifteenth century, Plymouth Castle, a "castle quadrate", was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms.[17]

Charter map of Sutton harbour and Plymouth in 1540

The castle served to protect

St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe.[19] This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596; it was the site of the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below).[20]

Siege of Plymouth, 1643

During the 16th century, locally produced wool was the major export commodity.

potatoes
. In 1588, according to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada.[23] In 1620 the Pilgrims set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony – the second English colony in what is now the United States.[24] In 1625, the town Mayor estimated that African slavers captured that summer about 1,000 villagers from the area, to be sold in Africa.[25]

The 'invincible' Spanish Armada, 1588

During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists.[26] The last major attack by the Royalists was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park.[26][27] The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island.[26] Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown.[28] Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time.[29]

Plymouth Dock, naval power and Foulston

Devonport
Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll of Plymouth mourning their lovers, who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay, 1792
Millbay Docks
, March 1926

Throughout the 17th century, Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century, commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth, and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, major products from the colonies. Local sailors turning to piracy such as Henry Every became infamous, celebrated in the London play The Successful Pyrate. It played a part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century, although it was relatively small.[21]

In the nearby parish of

Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793.[1] The settlement that developed here was called "Dock" or "Plymouth Dock" at the time,[30] and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3,000 people.[10]

Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports.

Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston.[32] Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed,[33] including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.[32]

Local chemist

china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall. He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton, the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse.[34]

Plymouth the Hoe (postcard c. 1920) by A.R. Quinton
Plymouth the Promenade Pier (postcard c. 1925) by A. R. Quinton

The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by

Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.[36]

Plymouth (1860s–1880s) by Francis Frith

Some of the most significant imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate.[37] Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways, and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.[38]

Plan for Plymouth 1943

During the

munitions.[39] Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.[39]

Royal William Victualling Yard, Stonehouse by Sir John Rennie, 1825–1833
Plymouth Drake's Island (1860s–1880s) by Francis Frith

During the Second World War,

D-Day.[40] The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz.[38] Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port.[41] Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished. It has been designated as an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.[42]

The redevelopment of the city was planned by

Cornwall County Council.[44] Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year, mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types.[45]

The Plan for Plymouth was, on the one hand, a template for the rapid reassembly of a destroyed city centre, but Abercrombie also took the opportunity to lay out a whole hierarchy of settlements across the city of communities, neighbourhoods and districts. Central to this was a revision of transport infrastructure that prioritised the position of the railway as a gateway to the city centre and provided in the long-term for a dual carriageway road by-pass that only finally came into being in the 1980s (forty years after being planned). The plan is the subject of Jill Craigie's documentary The Way We Live (1946).

By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia.

grade II listed in 2007 by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.[45][47]

Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the

nuclear submarines. New light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector, attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, after barracks were pulled down in the 1960s,[46] but the city remains home to 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery[48] and also 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.[46]

Governance

As a

ceremonial county of Devon for the purposes of lieutenancy, but has been administratively independent from Devon County Council since it became a unitary authority in 1998.[50][51]

Administrative history

The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the

Roborough.[52] Sutton became a market town in 1254 and a borough in 1439, when it was formally renamed Plymouth.[1]

Plymouth was reformed to become a

East Stonehouse were merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth.[55][10] Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns".[56]

Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928.[57] Between 1439 and 1935, Plymouth had a mayor.[58] In 1935 the city was given the right to appoint a Lord Mayor. The city's boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.[10]

The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland.[59] The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city became a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.[60]

Constituencies

In the

South West Devon. Prior to Brexit in 2020 it was represented within the European Parliament as South West England.[61]

In 1919,

Waldorf Astor
on his elevation to the peerage. Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents.

In 1945, Plymouth-born

Health and Safety at Work Act, he went on to become the leader of the Labour Party
(1980–1983).

City Council

Main article: Plymouth City Council
Civic Centre, completed 1962, symbolic of the post-war 'Heroic Modernism' of the welfare state; a listed building since 2007

The City of Plymouth is divided into 20

twinned with: Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebastián, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001).[65]

Plymouth was granted the dignity of

Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors.[66] It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor.[66]

The Great Hall in the Guildhall

The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe.[67] Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events.[67] The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.[68]

Geography

See also: List of places in Plymouth
Northeastward view of Plymouth Sound from Mount Edgcumbe Country Park in Cornwall, with Drake's Island (centre) and, behind it from left to right, the Royal Citadel, the fuel tanks of Cattedown, and Mount Batten; in the background, the hills of Dartmoor.

Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound.[69] Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym.[10] The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.[69]

The River Plym, which flows off

Ordnance Datum (AOD).[72]

Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone.[73] Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology.[74] The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.[73]

A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe.[73] Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth.[73] To the north and northeast of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals.[73] There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.[75]

Urban form

Armada Way looking north

On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east–west linked by a north–south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe.[43]

A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential.[76]

In suburban areas, post-War

Admiralty.[46]

Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft).

Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe.[77]
Central Park is the home of Plymouth Argyle Football Club and a number of other leisure facilities.

The Plymouth Plan 2019–2034 was published May 2019 and sets the direction for future development with a new spatial strategy

Langage.[80] Plymouth is categorized as a Small-Port City using the Southampton System for port-city classification.[81]

Climate

Plymouth has a moderated temperate oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) which is wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants, palm trees, and yuccas can be cultivated. The annual mean high temperature is approximately 14 °C (57 °F). Due to the moderating effect of the sea and the south-westerly location, the climate is among the mildest of British cities, and one of the warmest UK cities in winter.[82] The coldest month of February is similarly moderate, having mild mean minimum temperatures between 3 and 4 °C (37 and 39 °F). Snow usually falls in small amounts but a noteworthy recent exception was the period of the European winter storms of 2009–10 which, in early January 2010, covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow; more on higher ground. Another notable event was the 8 inches (20 cm) of snowfall between 17 and 19 December 2010 – though only 2 inches (5.1 cm) would lie at any one time due to melting. Over the 1961–1990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm (3 in) per year.[83]

South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.[84]

Owing to its geographic location, rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic

depressions or with convection and is more frequent and heavier than in London and southeast England. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.[84]

Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971–2000) will achieve a temperature of 28.6 °C (83 °F),[85] although in July 2022 the temperature reached 33.9 °C (93.0 °F),[86] the site record. On average, 4.25 days[87] of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77 °F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to −4.1 °C (25 °F)[88] although in January 1979 the temperature fell to −8.8 °C (16 °F).[89] Typically, 18.6 nights[90] of the year will register an air frost.

Climate data for Plymouth (Mount Batten)[a]
WMO ID: 03827; coordinates 50°21′18″N 4°07′16″W / 50.35489°N 4.12103°W / 50.35489; -4.12103 (Met Office Plymouth); elevation: 50 m (164 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		31.6
(88.9) 		33.9
(93.0) 		32.9
(91.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		16.1
(61.0) 		33.9
(93.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.4
(57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		6.6
(43.9) 		7.9
(46.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		15.1
(59.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		11.3
(52.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6) 		3.9
(39.0) 		4.9
(40.8) 		6.3
(43.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.4
(52.5) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		11.7
(53.1) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.2
(46.8)
Record low °C (°F) −8.8
(16.2) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		6.1
(43.0) 		5.9
(42.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−8.8
(16.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 109.6
(4.31) 		87.7
(3.45) 		76.2
(3.00) 		68.5
(2.70) 		60.1
(2.37) 		64.4
(2.54) 		63.5
(2.50) 		80.3
(3.16) 		72.3
(2.85) 		112.1
(4.41) 		117.8
(4.64) 		125.2
(4.93) 		1,037.7
(40.86)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 1.8
(0.7) 		3.2
(1.3) 		0.6
(0.2) 		0.1
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.0
(0.4) 		3.2
(1.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 15.4 12.7 12.3 11.0 9.8 9.7 10.0 11.3 10.1 14.8 15.9 15.7 148.7
Average snowy days 3 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 13
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		86 84 82 80 79 80 81 82 83 85 85 86 82
Average dew point °C (°F) 5
(41) 		4
(39) 		5
(41) 		6
(43) 		9
(48) 		11
(52) 		13
(55) 		14
(57) 		12
(54) 		10
(50) 		7
(45) 		5
(41) 		8
(47)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.8 88.0 131.0 189.3 227.4 220.8 209.7 197.5 161.3 118.4 72.6 54.5 1,732.3
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 1 1 4
Source 1:
NOAA (Snow depth, Relative humidity and snow/sleet days 1961–1990)[92]
Source 2: KNMI[93] WeatherAtlas[94]

Source 3: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 1985-2015)[95][96]

Climate data for Plymouth (normals for 1961-1990)[97]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean number of days with precipitation > 10.0 mm (0.39 in) 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 32
Mean number of days with thunder 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 8
Mean number of days with hail 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 10
Mean number of days with snow on ground 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Mean number of days with air frost 6 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 22
Mean number of days grass frost 11 11 11 8 2 0 0 0 0 2 8 10 63

Education

See also: List of schools in Plymouth
The Roland Levinsky Building – Faculty of Arts of the University of Plymouth

There are three universities based in Plymouth, the University of Plymouth, Plymouth Marjon University and the Arts University Plymouth.

The University of Plymouth enrolls 23,155 total students as of 2018/2019 (

South West
.

The University of St Mark & St John (known as "Marjon" or "Marjons") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad.[103]

Arts University Plymouth offers a selection of courses including media. It was originally founded as the Plymouth Drawing School in 1856, and in December 2008, Plymouth College of Art and Design was renamed to Plymouth College of Art. In May 2022, the College was awarded University status, and became Arts University Plymouth.[104]

The city is also home to two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students.[105]

Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls.[106] There is also a private all-through school Plymouth College.

The city was also home to the

Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.[107]

Plymouth is home to the

Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skincare protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.[108]

A scheme is in operation over summer 2018 to provide meals during the summer holidays for children with parents on a low income, the parents cannot afford to provide their children with healthy meals.[109]

UPSU also known as the University of Plymouth Student Union is based underground near the library. Every student at the University of Plymouth is a member of UPSU. The Union employs students across the University, from bar staff to events technicians. Every year the students at the University have an opportunity to vote which sabbatical officers represent them. In 2019 over 4000 students voted in the UPSU elections.

Demography

Population pyramid of Plymouth (unitary authority) in 2021

From the 2011 Census, the

last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720.[111] The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons.[112][113] At the time of the 2021 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 94.1% White (of 89.5% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%.[110] The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census to 2011 (−24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively).[110][114]
This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951.

Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was £5,169 million in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA.[115] Its GVA per person was £19,943 and compared to the national average of £23,755, was £3,812 lower.[115] Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).[116]

A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of the population among the poorest 20.4% nationally).[117] Life expectancy in Plymouth is 78.8 years for men and 82.5 for women[118]

Ethnic Group Year
1991[119] 2001[120] 2011[121] 2021[122]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 241,233 99.1% 236,767 98.4% 246,509 96.1% 248,727 94.1%
White: British – – 232,377 96.5% 238,263 92.9% 236,802 89.5%
White: Irish – – 1,359 0.6% 1,105 1,055 0.4%
White:
Gypsy or Irish Traveller
 – – – – 153 165 0.1%
White: Roma 168 0.1%
White: Other – – 3,031 6,988 10,537 4.0%
Asian or Asian British
: Total 		971 0.4% 1,427 0.6% 3,906 1.5% 5,947 2.1%
Asian or Asian British: Indian 209 258 875 1,403 0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 53 83 202 389 0.1%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 105 152 359 537 0.2%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese 382 685 1,251 1,430 0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 222 249 1,219 2188 0.8%
Black or Black British: Total 621 0.3% 451 0.2% 1,678 0.7% 2,786 1.1%
Black or Black British: African 180 230 1,106 2,022 0.8%
Black or Black British: Caribbean 177 165 343 460 0.2%
Black or Black British: Other Black 264 56 229 304 0.1%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – 1,559 0.6% 3,287 1.3% 4,656 1.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – 420 904 1,108 0.4%
Mixed: White and Black African – – 246 523 860 0.3%
Mixed: White and Asian – – 498 1,028 1,349 0.5%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – 395 832 1,339 0.5%
Other: Total 548 0.3% 516 0.6% 944 0.4% 2,579 1%
Other: Arab 339 677 0.3%
Other: Any other ethnic group 548 0.3% 516 0.6% 605 1,902 0.7%
Total 243,373 100% 240,720 100% 256,384 100% 264,695 100%

Economy

HMNB Devonport – the largest operational naval base in Western Europe.[123]

Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime,[124] in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces.[125] The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy.[126] During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and had a controlled term of origin[126] until 2015. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.[125]

Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income.[123] Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector.[127] Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff,[99] the national retail chain The Range at their Estover headquarters, as well as the Plymouth Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies.[125]

Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation.

Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3.4 million.[132]

Plymouth 2020

Since 2003, Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the "Vision for Plymouth" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC).[76] With the aim of growing the population to 300,000 by building 33,000 new dwellings, its projects range from shopping centres, new public realm, a cruise terminal, rebalancing the underutilised city centre retail district and opening waterfront development linked by a new urban boulevard.[76]

Interior of the Drake Circus Shopping Centre in 2006

In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006.[133] It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already "ten years out of date".[133] It was awarded the first ever Carbuncle Cup, awarded for Britain's ugliest building, in 2006.[134] In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003.[135]

Proposals included the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal "boulevard" linking Millbay to the city centre delivered in 2020. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.[136]

Plymouth's Civic Centre was vacated by Plymouth City Council, and their operations were dispersed across the city centre—the vacant and dilapidated modernist building was proposed for demolition by the Council but was ultimately saved by a listing in 2007[137] for its national architectural merit and was gifted to the developers Urban Splash, who intend to refurbish the structure for a mixed-use regeneration including variable let accommodation.[138] The removal and relocation of Bretonside bus station—a site originally earmarked for the Council[139]—was ultimately released for a mixed-use commercial leisure redevelopment including cinema and restaurants named 'Barcode' owned by British Land which also owns the adjacent Drake's Circus.[140]

Jacka Bakery in the Barbican district is reputedly the oldest bakery in the UK,[141] and has operated since the 1600s.

Transport

Railway

See also: Railways in Plymouth
Inter-city trains at Plymouth station, operated by Great Western Railway

train operating companies:[142]

Smaller stations in the suburban area west of the city centre are served by trains on the Tamar Valley Line to Gunnislake and local services on the Cornish Main Line, which crosses the Tamar on the Royal Albert Bridge. This was designed by Brunel and opened in 1859. The parallel road bridge was completed in 1961.

History

The station opened on its present site in 1877 and was previously named Plymouth North Road, when there were other main line stations in the city at Millbay and Friary; these have since closed.

Future

There have been proposals to reopen the Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR which would connect Cornwall and Plymouth to Exeter using the former Southern Railway main line from Plymouth to Exeter via Okehampton, because the main line through South Devon is vulnerable to damage from rough seas at Dawlish, where some of the cliffs are also fragile. There are related proposals to reopen part of the old main line from Bere Alston on the Plymouth-Gunnislake line as far as Tavistock to serve a new housing development but, although the idea has been discussed since 2008, progress has been slow.

Roads

The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city; within the city, it is known as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the older parts of the city and more recently developed suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway, about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; heading west, it connects Devon with Cornwall via the Tamar Bridge.

Buses

Bus services are provided mainly by Plymouth Citybus and Stagecoach South West, but a few routes are served by smaller local operators. Long distance inter-city bus services terminate at Plymouth coach station.[145]

There are three

Park and Ride services at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by Stagecoach South West except Milehouse park and ride. This is served by Plymouth Citybus[146]

Ferries

MV Pont-Aven: Brittany Ferries service to Roscoff, France and Santander, Spain in Millbay Docks

A regular international ferry service provided by

MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven.[147] The Cremyll Ferry is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204.[148] There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten,[149] and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar.[150]

Air

The city's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre.[151] The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest,[152] which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth.[155] In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close,[156] which it did on 23 December. A local company, FlyPlymouth, put forward plans in 2015 to reopen the airport by 2018, providing daily services to various destinations including London, but as of now, these projects have stalled.[157]

Cycle routes

Plymouth is at the southern end of the 99-mile (159 km) long

National Cycle Route 27). The route runs mostly traffic-free on off-road sections between Ilfracombe and Plymouth. The route uses former railway lines, though there are some stretches on public roads.[158]

Religion

The Roman Catholic Cathedral Church of Saint Mary and Saint Boniface (Stonehouse, Plymouth)

Plymouth has about 150 churches city-wide. The

Anglican) located at the top of Royal Parade—it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800.[159] The city also includes five Baptist churches, over twenty Methodist chapels, and thirteen Roman Catholic churches.[161] In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally.[162]

Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the

English speaking world.[163] There are also places of worship for Islam, Baháʼí, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.[164]

42.5% of the population described themselves in the 2021 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 1.3% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 48.9%, 5.9% did not state their religious belief.[165] Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (−16% and −7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number.[166]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Plymouth
New Palace Theatre
in 2008

Built in 1815,

New Palace Theatre.[167] It was described in 2008 as the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip.[168]

Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual

29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities.[172] A number of other smaller cultural events taken place annually, including Plymouth Art Weekender,[173] Plymouth Fringe Festival[174] and Illuminate Festival.[175]

The city's main theatre is

Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission – it has six galleries.[184]

Plymouth is the regional television centre of

ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009.[186] The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald, Western Morning News and the Plymouth Chronicle with Greatest Hits Radio Plymouth, BBC Radio Devon, Heart West, and Hits Radio Cornwall being the local radio stations with the most listeners.[187]

Sport

Main article: Sport in Plymouth
Home Park
Plymouth Pavilions, home to the Plymouth City Patriots.

Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who, as of the 2023-24 season, play in the second tier of English football, the EFL Championship.[188] The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located next to Central Park.[189] It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims".[190] The city also has three Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa who play at Haye Road and Plymstock United who play at Dean Cross. Plymouth Parkway were promoted to the Western League from the South West Peninsula League in 2018, and after two Covid-19 interrupted years to the Southern Football League in 2021, whilst Elburton Villa and Plymstock United continue to compete in the South West Peninsula League.[citation needed]

Other sports clubs competing in national competition include Plymouth Albion, Plymouth City Patriots, Plymouth Raiders and Plymouth Gladiators.

Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby the National League 1. They play at the Brickfields.[191]

In basketball, the city is represented by two teams; Plymouth City Patriots, of the top-tier British Basketball League, and Plymouth Raiders of the National Basketball League.

Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season. Plymouth Mariners Baseball club play in the South West Baseball League, they play their home games at Wilson Field in Central Park. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010.[citation needed
]

Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days.[192]

Public services

The Devonport Leat on Dartmoor looking up stream

Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by

Devonport and its ever-growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth.[195] Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.[196]

The Plymouth Combined Crown and County Court Centre

Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and

combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.[200]

Millbay Docks.[207]

Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals

NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital.[208] South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.[209]

The mid-19th-century burial ground at

Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.[210]

Landmarks and tourist attractions

Grade I listed Town Hall, Column and Library in Devonport
Elliot Terrace, Plymouth Hoe

After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was erected in 1666 towards the eastern section of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Currently, guided tours are available in the summer months.[28] Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which is a standard lighthouse that was constructed in 1759. 14 miles (23 km) Furthermore, Smeaton's Tower was dismantled in 1877 and the top two-thirds were reassembled on Plymouth Hoe.[211] It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room.[212] Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.[213]

The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the

Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool.[215] Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.[216]

One mile (two kilometres) upstream on the opposite side of the River Plym is the Saltram estate, which has a Jacobean and Georgian mansion.[217]

On the northern outskirts of the city,

Palmerston's Folly". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.[218]

To the west of the city is

Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.[219]

Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall.[220] Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.[221]

The Roland Levinsky Building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty.[222]

Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building[223][224] and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Plymouth
Sir Francis Drake

People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as

John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.[226]

The Elizabethan navigator, Sir

Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth.[227] He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships.[228] He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Portobelo,[229] Panama. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence.[230] His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins
was a Plymouth man.

Painter Sir

Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here in 1786.[231] The naturalist William Elford Leach, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin
, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791.

Gilbert and George was also born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.[237]

Notable athletes include swimmer

Tom Daley,[239] dancer Wayne Sleep,[240] and footballer Trevor Francis.[241] Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin,[242] and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French.[243] Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.[244] Canadian actor Mark Holden
was also born in Plymouth. Kevin Owen is an international TV news anchor who was born in Freedom Fields Hospital, while his father served as a Royal Navy officer. Cambridge spy Guy Burgess was born at 2 Albemarle Villas, Stoke whilst his father was a serving Royal Navy officer.[245]

Twin city

Freedom of the City

The following People, Military Units and Organisations and Groups have received the Freedom of the City of Plymouth.

Individuals

[255]

Military Units

Organisations and Groups

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Weather station is located 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the Plymouth city centre.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Brief history of Plymouth". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  2. ^ a b "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  3. Office for National Statistics
    . Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  4. ^ "MPs | PLYMOUTH.GOV.UK". Plymouth City Council. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  5. ISBN 1-85522-345-7
    .
  6. ^ Historic England. "Mount Batten (1017598)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  7. ISBN 0-631-21823-8. Archived
    from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  8. ^ Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. "Read the ebook Geographia classica, or, The application of antient geography to the classics by Samuel Butler". Ebooksread.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  9. ^ "Atlas of hillforts of Great Britain and Ireland". Hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "The early history of Plymouth". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  11. ISBN 978-0-7153-7617-1. (Quoted in Moseley, Brian (2 January 2011). "Plymouth – a History". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original
    on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.)
  12. ^ Mitchell, Neill (March 2012). "The day Plymouth opened for business 27th January 1254". Old Plymouth Society. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  13. ISBN 0-8122-1655-5. Archived
    from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  14. ^ "Devon timeline". Devon County Council. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  15. ^ Hawkyard, A. D. K. "Plymouth Borough". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  16. ^ Moseley, Brian (24 June 2013). "Place Names". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  17. ^ "Plymouth City Council: coat of arms". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  18. ^ "Magna Britannia: Volume 6, Devonshire – Parishes: Pancras Week – Plymouth : British History Online". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  19. ^ See 1591 Spry Map of Plimmouth and surrounding areas, British Library Archived 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Drake's Fort and the Royal Citadel". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  21. ^ a b "Slave Ships in Plymouth". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
  22. ^ "Adventurers and Slavers". The National Archives. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
  23. ^ "Sir Francis Drake". The BBC. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  24. ISBN 0-7641-1973-7. Archived
    from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
  25. ISBN 0-7531-5647-4
    . By the end of the dreadful summer of 1625, the mayor of Plymouth reckoned that 1,000 skiffs had been destroyed, and a similar number of villagers carried off into slavery. These miserable captives were taken to Salé, on Morocco
  26. ^ a b c "Siege". The BBC. 6 January 2003. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  27. ^ Jenny Mashford. "Plymouth City Council – Freedom Fields Park". Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.
  28. ^ a b "Coast Walks: Point 3 – The Citadel". The BBC. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  29. ^ Jewitt, Llewellynn Frederick (1873). A history of Plymouth. Oxford University. p. 648.
  30. ^ Carrington, Henry Edmund (1828). The Plymouth and Devonport guide. Oxford University. p. 1. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  31. ^ "Cargo and Trade, Ocean Landing Pier" (PDF). Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
  32. ^ a b Moseley, Brian (3 December 2011). "John Foulston (1772–1842)". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  33. ^ "Devonport, Devon". Architecture.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  34. ^ "Information Sheet: Cookworthy's Plymouth Porcelain" (PDF). Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  35. ^ Moseley, Brian (26 February 2013). "Breakwater". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  36. ^ Moseley, Brian (21 January 2011). "Palmerston's Forts and Batteries". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  37. ^ Moseley, Brian (25 August 2012). "Imports (Port of Plymouth)". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  38. ^ a b "Characteristics of the City of Plymouth (Historical and industrial legacy)". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  39. ^ a b Moseley, Brian (21 February 2013). "The Great War, 1914–1918". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  40. ^ "D-Day in Plymouth, Uk, And American Infantry". Cyber-heritage.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  41. ISBN 0-86114-882-7
    .
  42. ^ "Frosty response to church climb". BBC News. 17 November 2005. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
  43. ^ a b Gould, Jeremy (March 2007). Architecture and the Plan for Plymouth: The Legacy of a British City. Architectural Review.
  44. ^ Philip Payton (1996). "Inconvenient Peripheries: Ethnic Identity and the "United Kingdom Estate" - the cases of "Protestant Ulster" and Cornwall". Contemporary Political Studies. 1. Political Studies Association: 395–408.
  45. ^ a b c d Gould, Jeremy (2010). Plymouth; Vision of a Modern City. English Heritage.
  46. ^
    ISBN 0-86114-882-7
    .
  47. ^ "Sale of Plymouth Civic Centre". English Heritage. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  48. ^ Simpson, Zhara (14 May 2022). "Members of the 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery make Plymouth 'proud'". www.plymouthherald.co.uk. Local World Holdings Ltd. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  49. ^ "Election Maps". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  50. ^ "Lieutenancies Act 1997", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1997 c. 23, retrieved 11 August 2023
  51. ^ "The Devon (City of Plymouth and Borough of Torbay) (Structural Change) Order 1996", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1996/1865, retrieved 11 August 2023
  52. ^ "The hundreds of devon". GENUKI. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  53. ^ Municipal Corporations Act 1835
  54. ^ "Local Government Act 1888", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1888 c. 41, retrieved 13 August 2023
  55. ^ "Local Government Board's Provisional Order Confirmation (No. 18) Act 1914" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  56. ^ "Three Towns Amalgamation". The Times. UK. 9 February 1914.
  57. ^ "The City of Plymouth". The Times. UK. 18 October 1928.
  58. ^ "List of Mayors and Lord Mayors from 1439 to date". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  59. ^ "South West Regional Office of the Labour Party archives". The National Archives. 21 March 1972. pp. 38423/32. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  60. ISBN 0-11-062779-2. Archived
    from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
  61. ^ "Elected representatives". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  62. ^ a b "Plymouth wards". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  63. ^ "Analysis Parliamentary Electorate Totals for March 2019 Register" (PDF). Plymouth City Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  64. ^ "Councillors, committees and meetings | PLYMOUTH.GOV.UK". plymouth.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  65. ^ "Twin towns". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  66. ^ a b "Lord Mayoralty". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  67. ^ a b "Elliot Terrace". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
  68. ^ "Council opposes building listing". BBC News. 10 July 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
  69. ^ a b "Devon's rivers: The Tamar". The BBC. 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
  70. ISBN 0-7277-1971-8. Archived
    from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
  71. ^ Report and Transactions. Vol. 9. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science. 1877. p. 426. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
  72. ^ "Characteristics of the City of Plymouth (The geography)". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  73. ^ a b c d e "Characteristics of the City of Plymouth (The geology)". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
  74. ^ "Plymouth Sound Shores and Cliffs" (PDF). Natural England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
  75. ^ "Characteristics of the City of Plymouth (Limestone)". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
  76. ^ a b c "A vision for Plymouth". plymouth.gov.org. Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  77. ^ a b "Parks and open spaces". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  78. ^ "Central Park". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  79. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  80. ^ Plan, The Plymouth (29 March 2021). "The new plan for South Hams, West Devon and…". The Plymouth Plan. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  81. S2CID 225502755
    .
  82. ^ "Climatological Normals of Plymouth – 1961–1990". Climatological Information for United Kingdom and Ireland. Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
  83. ^ "Climatological Normals of Plymouth – 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  84. ^ a b "About south-west England". The Met Office. Archived from the original on 25 February 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
  85. ^ "Average warmest day". Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  86. ^ "1976 High". Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  87. ^ ">25.1c days". Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  88. ^ "Average coldest night". Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  89. ^ "1979 minimum". Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  90. ^ "Frost average". Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  91. ^ "Plymouth 1991–2020 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  92. NOAA
    . Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  93. KNMI. Archived from the original
    on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  94. ^ "Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Plymouth, United Kingdom". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  95. ^ "Climate & Weather Averages at Plymouth weather station (03827)". Time and Date. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  96. ^ "03827: Plymouth (United Kingdom)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  97. NOAA
    . Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  98. ^ "Where do HE students study?". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Students by HE provider: HE student enrolments by HE provider. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
  99. ^ a b "University of Plymouth – an introduction". The University of Plymouth. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  100. ^ "Our history". The University of Plymouth. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  101. ^ "Undergraduate courses A-Z". The University of Plymouth. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  102. ^ "University guide 2011: Medicine". The Guardian. UK. 8 June 2010. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  103. University College Plymouth St Mark & St John. Archived
    from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  104. ^ "Plymouth College of Art given university status". BBC News. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  105. ^ "The College". City College Plymouth. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  106. ^ "Schools". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  107. ^ Moseley, Brian (1 March 2007). "Royal Naval Engineering College HMS Thunderer". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  108. ^ "The Plymouth Marine Laboratory". South West England RDA. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  109. ^ Donated food to feed hungry Plymouth school children Archived 5 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC
  110. ^ a b c "Ethnic Group, 2011". Office for National Statistics. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  111. Census 2001. The Office for National Statistics. Archived
    from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
  112. ^ "Household Size, 2011". Office for National Statistics. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  113. ^ "Household Composition – People, 2011". Office for National Statistics. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  114. ^ "Ethnic Group, 2001". Office for National Statistics. 18 November 2004. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  115. ^ a b "Regional GVA NUTS3" (Excel). Office for National Statistics. December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  116. ^ "All people – Economically active – Unemployed (Model Based) Plymouth" (PDF). The Office for National Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  117. ^ "Health Profile 2014 Plymouth". National Health Service. August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  118. ^ "3.1.3 Local trends in life expectancy | PLYMOUTH.GOV.UK". Plymouth City Council. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  119. ^ Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales Archived 5 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Table 6)
  120. ^ "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  121. ^ "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  122. ^ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  123. ^ a b "HMNB Devonport". The Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  124. BBC Devon. Archived
    from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  125. ^ a b c "Business and economy". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  126. ^
    ISBN 978-1-84353-312-2. Archived
    from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  127. ^ "Marine Sector". Plymouth City Council website. The University of Plymouth. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  128. ^ "History of pannier market". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
  129. ^ "Town Centre Performance & Retail Ranking Update, May 2007" (PDF). South West Regional Board. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
  130. ^ "Facts and figures". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  131. ^ "Established BIDs". National BIDs Advisory Service. Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
  132. ^ "Point 6 – Tinside Pool". The BBC. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  133. ^ a b "Controversy over £200m shops plan". BBC News. 5 October 2006. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
  134. ^ "Carbuncle Cup". designingbuildings.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  135. ^ Laing, Jemima (5 October 2006). "Changing perceptions of Plymouth". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  136. ^ "Dock regeneration plan boosted". BBC News. 19 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  137. ^ "Council House and former Civic Centre, non Civil Parish - 1392038 | Historic England".
  138. ^ "Civic Centre, Plymouth".
  139. ^ "Civic centre demolition backed". BBC News. 25 September 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  140. ^ "Barcode and Drake Circus owner makes £1bn loss". 17 May 2023.
  141. ^ "Jacka Bakery in Plymouth". 29 November 2023.
  142. ^ "Station Facilities: Plymouth (PLY)". National Rail Enquiries. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  143. ^ "Train Times". Great Western Railway. 21 May 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  144. ^ "Timetables". CrossCountry. 21 May 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  145. ^ "Plymouth Bus Services". Bus Times. 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  146. ^ "Park and ride". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  147. ^ "Plymouth Ferry Terminal Guide". Brittany Ferries. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
  148. ^ "Cremyll ferry". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  149. ^ "Mount Batten Ferry general info". Mount Batten Ferry website. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  150. ^ "Torpoint ferry". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  151. ^ "View of the aircraft parking area and runway at Plymouth City Airport". The BBC. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  152. ^ "About Us". Air Southwest. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  153. ^ "Plymouth City Airport Flights". Plymouth City Airport. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  154. ^ "Air strategy for the far South West published". The South West RDA. 6 June 2003. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  155. ^ "New blow for city airport". BBC News. 7 June 2003. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  156. ^ "Plymouth City Airport to close in December". BBC News. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  157. ^ "FlyPlymouth vows to reopen Plymouth City Airport within two years". Plymouth Herald. 8 May 2015. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  158. ^ "Devon coast to coast | Britain's best bike rides". The Guardian. 4 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  159. ^ a b c "Places of worship". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  160. ^ "Plymouth Cathedral 1858–2008: 150th Anniversary Celebrations". Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  161. ^ "Christian". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  162. ^ "The Exclusive Brethren History". The BBC. 4 February 2004. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
  163. ^ Historic England. "Synagogue, Catherine Street, Plymouth (1130015)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
  164. ^ "Other faiths, religions and beliefs". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  165. ^ "Plymouth Demographics | Age, Ethnicity, Religion, Wellbeing". Varbes. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
  166. ^ "Religion, 2001". Office for National Statistics. 18 November 2004. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  167. ^ a b c "Union Street: night and day". The BBC. 24 July 2006. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  168. ^ Morris, Jonathan (14 November 2008). "Haven for casualties of the night". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  169. ^ "The British Firework Championships Plymouth". The British Firework Championships website. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
  170. ^ Pascoe, Ben (2 November 2006). "Rocket man sets record". The BBC. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
  171. ^ "MTV Crashes Plymouth artists". Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  172. ^ "About Music of the Night". Music of the Night. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  173. ^ "Plymouth Art Weekender | 22 / 23 / 24 September 2017". plymouthartweekender.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  174. ^ "Home". Plymouth Fringe Festival. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  175. ^ "Illuminate – Ceremony in Plymouth, Plymouth – Visit Plymouth". visitplymouth.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  176. ^ "Theatre Royal". The Theatre Royal. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  177. ^ "Drum Theatre". The Theatre Royal. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  178. ^ "TR2". The Theatre Royal. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  179. ^ "About Us". The Plymouth Pavilions. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  180. ^ "Cinemas". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  181. ^ "Home". Barbican Theatre Plymouth. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  182. ^ "The B-Bar, Barbican, Plymouth". b-bar.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  183. ^ "The Plymouth Athenaeum Library". Independentlibraries.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  184. ^ "Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  185. ^ "Spotlight (address footnote)". BBC South West. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  186. ^ "The end of an era: Last night for Westcountry TV". The Herald. 13 February 2009. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  187. ^ "Creative Sector". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  188. ^ EFL. "EFL Championship". EFL. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  189. ^ "Divisional League Table". The Football League. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  190. ^ "History of Plymouth Argyle". The BBC. 18 February 2008. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  191. ^ "History of Plymouth Albion RFC". Plymouth Albion R.F.C. website. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
  192. ^ "Plymouth hosts America's Cup World Series". The BBC. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  193. ^ The South West Water Authority Constitution Order 1973 (1973 No. 1307)
  194. ^ Moseley, Brian (14 January 2013). "Water Supply to Plymouth". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  195. ^ Moseley, Brian (8 July 2011). "Water Supply to Plymouth Dock/Devonport". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  196. ^ "The History of Dartmoor". Dartmoor National Park Authority. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  197. ^ "Rubbish and recycling". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  198. ^ "About SWW". South West Water. Archived from the original on 31 August 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  199. ^ "Western Power Distribution home page". Western Power Distribution. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  200. ^ "Power station delayed for a year". BBC News. 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
  201. Her Majesty's Courts Service. Archived from the original
    on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  202. Her Majesty's Courts Service. Archived from the original
    on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  203. Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. Archived
    from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  204. Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. Archived from the original
    on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  205. ^ "Your Local CPS: Devon and Cornwall". The Crown Prosecution Service. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
  206. ^ "West Devon". Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  207. ^ "Plymouth Fleet". Royal National Lifeboat Institution. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  208. ^ "Plymouth Hospitals". Plymouth Hospitals. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  209. ^ "Welcome to the South Western Ambulance Service NHS Trust website". The South Western Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  210. ^ "Drake Memorial Park". The Drake Memorial Park. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
  211. ^ "Coast Walks: Point 5 – Smeaton's Tower". The BBC. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  212. ^ "Smeaton's Tower". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2008.
  213. ^ "War memorials". Plymouth City Council. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  214. ^ "Plymouth's Historic Barbican". The BBC. 18 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  215. ^ "Point 8a – Mayflower Steps". The BBC. 7 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  216. ^ "Our mission is to inspire everyone to take action towards sustainability and conservation of the marine environment". National Marine Aquarium. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009.
  217. National Trust. Archived from the original
    on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  218. ^ "Crownhill Fort". The Landmark Trust. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  219. ^ "Devonport Heritage Trail". DevonportOnline. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  220. ^ Gemma Thompson. "Plymouth City Council – The countryside". Plymouth.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  221. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  222. ^ "Roland Levinsky Building". University of Plymouth. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  223. ^ "Kier tops out at Plymouth's Beckley Point". 9 February 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  224. ^ "Go-ahead for Plymouth's tallest building". Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  225. ^ "Anger over slave trader pub name". BBC News. 27 March 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  226. ISBN 978-0-7102-1270-2
    .
  227. ^ "Sir Francis Drake". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
  228. ISBN 0-313-30547-1. Archived
    from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  229. ^ "Sir Francis Drake (c.1540 – c.1596)". The BBC. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  230. ^ "Mission to rescue Drake's body". BBC News. 12 November 2001. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  231. ^ Rossetti, William Michael (1911). "Haydon, Benjamin Robert" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 111–112.
  232. ^ "Robert Falcon Scott". The BBC. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  233. ^ "Antarctic explorer Frank Bickerton". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  234. ^ "Painter Beryl Cook dies aged 81". BBC News. 28 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  235. ^ "Controversial artist". BBC. 30 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  236. ^ "Music – Cosmo Jarvis". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  237. ^ "Gilbert & George Britannica Online Encyclopaedia". Britannica Online Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  238. ^ "New centre to honour Plymouth Olympian Sharron Davies". Plymouth City Council. 14 March 2007. Archived from the original on 30 March 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  239. ^ "Thomas Daley Biography". The British Olympic Association. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
  240. ^ "About Sleep". Wayne Sleep's website. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  241. ^ "Trevor Francis". Sporting Heroes. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  242. ^ "Plymouth's movie maestro". BBC. 30 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  243. ^ "The talented Angela Rippon". This Is Hampshire. 19 August 2000. Archived from the original on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  244. ^ Eve, Carl (24 December 2018). "Plymouth-born Hollywood actor dies in US". Plymouth Herald. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  245. ^ "Guy Burgess". History Learning Site. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  246. ^ a b c d e "Plymouth's twin cities and the charming things we have in common". Plymouth Herald. 5 January 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  247. ^ "Sister cities of Plymouth".
  248. ^ Squires, Sophie (23 November 2021). "Former Royal Marine from Plymouth to be awarded Freedom of the City". Planet Radio. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  249. ^ Clark, Daniel (23 November 2021). "'True hero and legend' Mark Ormrod awarded freedom of Plymouth". The Plymouth Herald. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  250. ^ "Plymouth gives Tom Daley Freedom of the City". BBC News. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  251. ^ Clark, Daniel (13 September 2021). "Tom Daley 'extremely delighted' with Freedom of Plymouth honour". The Plymouth Herarld. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  252. ^ Watson, Eve (13 September 2021). "Tom Daley will be honorary freeman of Plymouth after gold medal win". The Plymouth Herarld. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  253. ^ "Daley to become Freeman of the City". Plymouth City Council. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  254. ^ "Tom Daley receives Freedom of City at end of epic challenge". Plymouth City Council. 17 February 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  255. ^ Denton, Maxine (20 March 2023). "Plymouth's Lewis Pugh and Heather Knight set to receive Freedom of the City". The Plymouth Herald. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  256. ^ Channon, Max (15 March 2020). "How the Royal Marines' finest chapter began 60 years ago". PlymouthLive. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  257. ^ "Freedom of City honour and parade for The Rifles". This is Plymouth. 11 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012.
  258. ^ "Freedom of the City granted to Joint Hospital Group South West". Plymouth City Council. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  259. ^ "Falklands veterans to be given Freedom of Plymouth". BBC News Devon. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  260. ^ Williams, Briohny (26 June 2022). "Falklands War veterans given freedom of the city of Plymouth on Armed Forces Day". Forces News. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  261. ^ Barnes, Georgina (19 June 2023). "Veterans' association awarded Freedom of the City". BBC News. Retrieved 30 June 2023.

Further reading

  • Gould, Jeremy (2010). Plymouth: Vision of a modern city. English Heritage
  • Dunning, Martin (2001). Around Plymouth. Frith Book.
  • Gill, Crispin (1993). Plymouth: A New History. Devon Books.
  • Robinson, Chris (2004). Plymouth Then & Now. Plymouth Prints.
  • Casley, Nicholas (1997). The Medieval Incorporation of Plymouth and a Survey of the Borough's Bounds. Old Plymouth Society.
  • Carew, Richard (1555). The Survey of Cornwall. N.B. Carew refers to Plymouth Hoe as "the Hawe at Plymmouth"
  • Abercrombie, Patrick; Watson, James; Stamp, Laurence; Robinson, Gilbert (27 April 1944). A Plan for Plymouth. Underhill. N.B. the publication carries the date 1943, although published on 27 April 27, 1944 A Plan for Plymouth – The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History
  • W Best Harris – Plymouth – Plymouth Council of Social Service (undated)
  • W Best Harris – Stories From Plymouth's History – Self-Published, Plymouth (undated)
  • W Best Harris – The Book of Plymouth – Guild of Social Service, Plymouth (undated)
  • W Best Harris – The New Book of Plymouth – Guild of Social Service, Plymouth (undated)
  • W Best Harris – The Second Book of Plymouth – Guild of Social Service, Plymouth, 1957
  • W Best Harris – Place Names of Plymouth, Dartmoor and the Tamar Valley – Self-Published, Plymouth, 1983
  • W Best Harris – Welcome to Plymouth – Plymouth City Council (undated)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plymouth.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Plymouth.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plymouth&oldid=1285902759"