Poles in Kazakhstan
Northern Kazakhstan[1] | |
Languages | |
---|---|
Primarily Russian; only 12% claim knowledge of Polish[2] | |
Religion | |
Christian | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Polish diaspora |
Poles in Kazakhstan form one portion of the
Migration history
Arrival
The first Pole to travel to the territory which today makes up Kazakhstan was probably Benedict of Poland, sent as part of the delegation of Pope Innocent IV to the Khagan Güyük of the Mongol Empire.[4]
Migration of Poles to Kazakhstan, largely of an involuntary character, began soon after the
After the
After the end of the war, people who had been Polish citizens before September 1, 1939 were allowed to repatriate to Poland; however, no provision was made for earlier deportees to leave Kazakhstan.[11] After the war, over 62,000 Poles were repatriated from Kazakhstan to Poland in 1946–1948.[12]
The
Post-Soviet emigration
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 1,254 | — |
1926 | 3,762 | +200.0% |
1939 | 54,809 | +1356.9% |
1959 | 53,102 | −3.1% |
1970 | 61,335 | +15.5% |
1979 | 61,136 | −0.3% |
1989 | 59,956 | −1.9% |
1999 | 47,297 | −21.1% |
2009 | 34,057 | −28.0% |
According to official census data:[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] |
When
In a 1996-1998 academic survey, Poles who had emigrated from Kazakhstan cited a number of reasons for their departure, including the decreased social status of non-Kazakh-speakers in the newly independent country, the local economic crisis which saw many salaries go unpaid, and the desire to avoid service in the Kazakhstani army. Some also claimed to survey takers that their female relatives were in danger of bride kidnapping.[25]
Due to their experience with agriculture on
Religion
The first Polish Catholic church for exiles on the steppe was opened at Orenburg in 1844; another was opened in Omsk in 1862. (Both cities are today part of Russia). By 1917, the church at Petropavlovsk had grown to 3,000 members.[30] During the years of exile and assimilation to Soviet-Russian society, for many Poles the Catholic religion was the only link to their ancestral culture.[31]
Inter-ethnic relations
Poles tend to be settled in multi-ethnic regions of Kazakhstan, where settlers and exiles of many other nationalities predominated and members of the titular Kazakh nationality were few. Interethnic marriages between Poles and members of other European ethnic groups were quite common; however, those with members of traditionally Muslim ethnic groups were much rarer. An anthropological study conducted in 1993 found that Poles generally viewed the Kazakhs as lazy but friendly, and generally stated that inter-ethnic relations were good.[32]
See also
Notes
- ^ Poujol 2007, p. 92
- ^ Iglicka 1998, p. 1001
- ^ Poujol 2007, p. 92
- ^ Poujol 2007, p. 93
- ^ Iglicka 1998, pp. 997–998
- ^ Iglicka 1998, pp. 998–999
- ISBN 978-83-63695-00-2.
- ^ "Tworzenie Armii Polskiej w ZSRS w 1941–1942" (PDF). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi". p. 48.
- ^ Masiarz, Władysław (1997). "Przesiedlenie i repatriacja Polaków z Azji Środkowej w 1946 r.". Zesłaniec (in Polish). No. 2. Warszawa. p. 109.
- ^ Iglicka 1998, pp. 998–999
- ^ Masiarz, p. 113
- ^ Alekseenko 2001, p. 61
- ^ Iglicka 1998, pp. 1000–1001
- ^ "Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2003. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Казахская АССР (1926)". Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Казахская ССР (1939)". Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Казахская ССР (1959)". Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Казахская ССР (1970)". Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Казахская ССР (1979)". Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Казахская ССР (1989)". Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Ethnic composition of Kazakhstan 2009". Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ Grzymala-Moszczynska 2003, p. 189
- ^ Grzymala-Moszczynska 2003, p. 189
- ^ Grzymala-Moszczynska 2003, p. 192
- ^ Grzymala-Moszczynska 2003, pp. 194–195
- ^ Grzymala-Moszczynska 2003, p. 195
- ^ Grzymala-Moszczynska 2003, p. 194
- ^ Poujol 2007, p. 92
- ^ Poujol 2007, p. 94
- ^ Iglicka 1998, pp. 998–999
- ^ Iglicka 1998, pp. 1003–1006
Sources
- Alekseenko, A. N. (2001), "Республика в зеркале переписей населения" (PDF), Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniia (12): 58–62, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30, retrieved 2010-04-14
- Grzymala-Moszczynska, Malina (2003), "A study of Polish-origin immigrants to Kazakhstan from Poland", in Adler, Leonore Loeb; Gielen, Uwe Peter (eds.), Migration: immigration and emigration in international perspective, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-97666-8
- Iglicka, Krystyna (1998), "Are They Fellow Countrymen or Not? The Migration of Ethnic Poles from Kazakhstan to Poland", International Migration Review, 32 (4): 995–1014, JSTOR 2547669
- Poujol, Catherine (2007), "Poles in Kazakhstan: Between Integration and the Imagined Motherland", Space, Populations, Societies, 4 (1), retrieved 2010-04-14
Further reading
- Budakowska, Elżbieta (1992), "Polacy w Kazachstanie – historia i wspoółczesność", Przegląd Polonijny, 18 (4): 5–37
- Ciesielski, Stanisław (1997), Polacy w Kazachstanie w latach 1940-1946: zesłańcy lat wojny, Wrocław: W Kolorach Tęczy, OCLC 37177038
- Groblewska, Celina (1996), Kazachstańscy Polacy, Polskie Towarzystwo Demograficzne, OCLC 37306509
- Kożlowski, Broniṡlaw Jan (2005), Polacy w Kazachstanie, Wybór dokumentów prawnych dotyczących mniejszości narodowych, Warszawa: OCLC 237229149