Port of Singapore
Port of Singapore Pelabuhan Singapura 新加坡港 சிங்கப்பூர் துறைமுகம் | |
---|---|
![]() Port of Singapore | |
![]() Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
Location | |
Location | Pasir Panjang, Singapore |
Coordinates | 1°15′50″N 103°50′24″E / 1.264°N 103.840°E |
Details | |
Built | 1819 (contemporary version) |
Operated by | PSA International Jurong Port |
Owned by | Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore |
No. of berths | 67 (2019) |
Street access | Ayer Rajah Expressway |
Statistics | |
Annual TEU | 37.2 million (2019)[1] |
Website https://www.mpa.gov.sg |
The Port of Singapore is the collection of facilities and
Because of its strategic location, Singapore has been a significant
History
Before 1819
In the late 13th century, a Kingdom known as Singapura was established on the north bank of the Singapore River around what was called the Old Harbour. It was the only port in the southern part of the Strait of Malacca and serviced ships and traders in the region, competing with other ports along the coast of the Malacca Strait such as Jambi, Kota Cina, Lambri, Semudra, Palembang, South Kedah and Tamiang. The port had two functions. First, it made available products that were in demand by international markets; according to the Daoyi Zhilüe (Brief Annals of Foreign Islands, 1349)[4] by Chinese trader Wang Dayuan (born 1311, fl. 1328–1339), these included top-quality hornbill casques,[5] lakawood and cotton. Although these goods were also available from other Southeast Asian ports, those from Singapore were unique in terms of their quality. Secondly, Singapore acted as a gateway into the regional and international economic system for its immediate region. South Johor and the Riau Archipelago supplied products to Singapore for export elsewhere, while Singapore was the main source of foreign products to the region. Archaeological artefacts such as ceramics and glassware found in the Riau Archipelago evidence this. In addition, cotton was transshipped from Java or India through Singapore.[6]
In 1984, an archaeological excavation had commenced at Fort Canning Hill led by the archaeologist Dr John Miksic. A range of artefacts including earthenware, ceramic, and porcelain pieces were found which suggests Singapore's role as an active trading port in the 14th century.[7][8]
By the 15th century, Singapore had declined as an international trading port due to the ascendance of the
In the early 17th century, Singapore's main settlement and its port were destroyed by a punitive force from Aceh. After this incident, there was no significant settlement or port at Singapore until 1819.
1819–1960
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/KITLV_-_150813_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Port_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-260px-KITLV_-_150813_-_Lambert_%26_Co.%2C_G.R._-_Singapore_-_Port_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg)
In 1819,
As the volume of its maritime trade increased in the 19th century, Singapore became a key port of call for
1963–2021
Singapore ceased to be part of the British Empire when it merged with Malaysia in 1963. Singapore lost its hinterland and was no longer the administrative or economic capital of the Malay Peninsula. The processing in Singapore of raw materials extracted in the Peninsula was drastically reduced due to the absence of a common market between Singapore and the Peninsular states.[6]
Since Singapore's full independence in 1965, it has had to compete with other ports in the region to attract shipping and trade at its port. It has done so by developing an export-oriented economy based on value-added manufacturing. It obtains raw or partially manufactured products from regional and global markets and exports value-added products back to these markets through market access agreements such as World Trade Organization directives and free trade agreements.[6]
By the 1980s, maritime trading activity had ceased in the vicinity of the Singapore River except in the form of passenger transport, as other terminals and harbours took over this role. Keppel Harbour is now home to three
In the 1990s the port became more well-known and overtook Yokohama, and eventually became the busiest port in terms of shipping tonnage.[citation needed]
Singapore is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the southern tip of India, to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, to the Upper Adriatic region of the northern Italian hub Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.[9][10][11][12][13][14]
Since 2022
The Tuas Mega Port is projected to be the only port in Singapore after the PSA city terminals and Pasir Panjang Terminal are closed in 2027 and 2040 respectively, ending an era of port operations in the city area which began in 1819.[15] The Sea Transport Industry Transformation Map (ITM) launched by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) aims to grow the industry's value-add by $4.5 billion and create more than 5,000 new jobs by 2025.
Automation will be a key part of the new port, with over 1,000 battery-powered driverless vehicles and a fleet of almost 1,000 automated yard cranes to be developed for the port. Nelson Quek, PSA Singapore's head of Tuas planning stated that "Tuas, when it's fully developed, is going to be the single largest fully-automated terminal in the world".[15] It will also be able to cater to the demands of the world's largest container ships, with 26 km of deep-water berths. Besides just handling containers, the port will have space set aside for companies to be located, a move that aims to improve the links between port and businesses.[16] It is projected to be twice the size of Ang Mo Kio new town.[15]
Operations at Tuas Mega Port began in September 2021, and the port officially opened on September 1, 2022 with three berths in service.[17][18]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Singapore_port_panorama.jpg/800px-Singapore_port_panorama.jpg)
Operations
![]() | This section needs to be updated.(September 2019) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TorbenSpirit-SingaporeAnchorage-20050906.jpg/220px-TorbenSpirit-SingaporeAnchorage-20050906.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Aerial_panorama_of_the_Singapore_Strait_and_the_Pasir_Panjang_Port_Terminal.jpg/220px-Aerial_panorama_of_the_Singapore_Strait_and_the_Pasir_Panjang_Port_Terminal.jpg)
The port is the
Singapore is ranked first globally in 2005 in terms of
Year | Vessel Arrival Tonnage (billion GT) |
Container Throughput (million TEUs) |
Cargo Throughput (million tonnes) |
Bunker Sale Volume (million tonnes) |
Tonnage under Singapore Registry of Ships (million GT) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2.37 | 33.9 | 581.3 | 42.4 | 82.2 |
2015 | 2.50 | 30.9 | 575.8 | 45.2 | 86.3 |
2016 | 2.66 | 30.9 | 593.3 | 48.6 | 88.0 |
2017 | 2.80 | 33.7 | 627.7 | 50.6 | 88.8 |
2018 | 2.79 | 36.6 | 630.0 | 49.8 | 90.9 |
Operators
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Port_of_Singapore_Keppel_Terminal.jpg/220px-Port_of_Singapore_Keppel_Terminal.jpg)
PSA Singapore's container facilities are as follows:
- Container berths: 52
- Quay length: 15,500 m
- Area: 600 hectares
- Max draft: 16 m
- Quay cranes: 190
- Designed capacity: 35,000 kTEU
PSA Singapore has 13 berths which are part of the Pasir Panjang Container Terminal's Phase Two which are due for completion by 2009. Phase Three and Four will add another 16 berths and are expected to be completed by 2013.[21]
Jurong Port's facilities are as follows:
- Berths: 32
- Berth length: 5.6 km
- Maximum vessel draft: 15.7 m
- Maximum vessel size: 150,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT)
- Area: 127 Hectares Free Trade Zone, 28 Hectares non-Free Trade Zone
- Warehouse facilities: 178,000 m2
PSA Singapore also has a 40-year contract to operate the tax-free
Terminals
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/TanjongPagarContainerTerminal-Singapore-20091113.jpg/300px-TanjongPagarContainerTerminal-Singapore-20091113.jpg)
Port | Operator | Type | Berths | Quay length (m) | Quay cranes | Area (Ha) | Capacity (kTEU) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brani (BT) | PSA[22] | Container | 8 | 2,325 | 26 | 84 | |
Cosco-PSA (CPT) | Cosco /PSA |
Container | 2 | 720 | 22.8 | >1,000 | |
Jurong | JTC | Multi-Purpose | 32 | 5,600 | 155 | ||
Keppel (KT) | PSA | Container | 14 | 3,164 | 27 | 105 | |
Pasir Panjang (PPT 1) |
PSA | Container | 6 | 2,145 | 19 | 85 | |
Pasir Panjang (PPT 2) |
PSA | Container | 9 | 2,972 | 36 | 139 | |
Pasir Panjang (PPT 3) |
PSA | Container | 8 | 2,655 | 31 | 94 | |
Pasir Panjang (PPT 4)
|
PSA | Container | 3 | 1,264 | 13 | 70 | |
Pasir Panjang (PPT 5) |
PSA | Container | 6 | 2,160 | 24 | 83 | |
Pasir Panjang (PPT 6)
|
PSA | Container | 6 | 2,251 | 24 | 80 | |
Pasir Panjang Automobile Terminal | PSA | Ro-Ro | 3 | 1,010 | 25 | ||
Sembawang Wharves | PSA | General | 4 | 660 | 28 | ||
Tanjong Pagar (TPT)(decommissioned) | PSA | Container | 7 | 2,097 | 0 | 79.5 | |
Tuas Megaport(Tuas) | PSA | Container | 3 | 3 |
See also
References
- ^ a b "Singapore's 2019 Maritime Performance" (Press release).
- ^ "Singapore named top maritime capital of the world for 3rd consecutive time". The Straits Times. 26 April 2017.
- ^ "PSA Singapore".
- ^ See 汪大渊 (Wang Dayuan); 苏继顷 (Su Jiqing) (comp.) (1981). 岛夷志略校释 (Pinyin: Dǎoyí Zhìlüè Jiàoshì) (Brief Annals of Foreign Islands : A Collation and Elucidation). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju (China Publishing House).
- ^ From the Middle French meaning "helmet", a casque is an anatomical structure suggestive of a helmet, such as the horny outgrowth on the head of a cassowary: see "Casque". Merriam–Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
- ^ ISSN 0219-8126..
- ^ "Archaeological Excavation Site at Fort Canning Park". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
- ^ "Digging Up History: Dr John Miksic". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
- ^ "China's Maritime Silk Road and it's [sic] implications for Singapore & South East Asian Nations". 29 June 2018.
- ^ 21st Century Maritime Silk Road
- ^ Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp 112.
- ^ Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. (2017) pp 59.
- S2CID 169732441.
- ^ The Maritime Silk Road
- ^ a b c Heng, Daniel (7 February 2018). "Why Singapore needs Tuas mega port to keep ruling the seas". CNA. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ Koh, Fabian (4 October 2019). "Tuas Port set to be world's largest fully automated terminal". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ Yong, Clement (1 September 2022). "Tuas mega port officially opens with 3 berths, will be critical engine driving S'pore economy: PM Lee". The Straits Times. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Koh, Wan Ting. "Tuas Port opens officially, will be 'critical engine' driving Singapore's economy: PM Lee". CNA. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Singapore remains world's busiest port". China View, Xinhua News Agency. 12 January 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2006.
- Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the originalon 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2005.
- ^ "S'pore to spend $2b on port expansion". AsiaOne News. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
- ^ "OUR BUSINESS: TERMINALS". www.singaporepsa.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
Further reading
History
- Sinnappah Arasaratnam (1972). Pre-modern Commerce and Society in Southern Asia : An Inaugural Lecture Delivered at the University of Malaya on December 21, 1971. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya.
- Borschberg, Peter (2018). “Three questions about maritime Singapore, 16th and 17th Centuries”, Ler História, 72: 31-54. https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/3234
- Braddell, Roland (1980). A Study of Ancient Times in the Malay Peninsula and the Straits of Malacca and Notes on Ancient Times in Malaya / by Dato Sir Roland Braddell. Notes on the Historical Geography of Malaya / by Dato F.W. Douglas (MBRAS reprints; no. 7). Kuala Lumpur: Printed for the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society by Art Print. Works.
- Chiang, Hai Ding (1978). A History of Straits Settlements Foreign Trade, 1870–1915 (Memoirs of the National Museum; no. 6). Singapore: National Museum.
- Hall, Kenneth R. (1985). Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. Honolulu, Hi.: ISBN 0-8248-0959-9.
- Ishii, Yoneo, ed. (1998). The Junk Trade from Southeast Asia : Translations from the Tosen Fusetsu-gaki, 1674–1723. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS); Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National History, ISBN 981-230-022-8.
- ISBN 9971-917-16-5.
- Miksic, John N.; Cheryl-Ann Low Mei Gek (gen. eds.) (2004). Early Singapore 1300s–1819 : Evidence in Maps, Text and Artefacts. Singapore: ISBN 981-05-0283-4.
- Ooi, Giok Ling; Brian J. Shaw (2004). Beyond the Port City : Development and Identity in 21st Century Singapore. Singapore: ISBN 0-13-008381-X.
- Trocki, Carl A. (1979). Prince of Pirates : The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-376-3.
Present day
- Yap, Chris (1990). A Port's Story, A Nation's Success. Singapore: Times Editions for Port of Singapore Authority.
- Ho, David K[im] H[in] (1996). The Seaport Economy: A Study of the Singapore Experience. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-199-X.
- Singapore Shipping: Past, Present & Future. Singapore: Singapore Shipping Association. 2000.
- Danam, Jacqueline, ed. (2003). PSA: Full Ahead. Singapore: ISBN 981-4068-47-0.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Live Camera to Port of Singapore
- Official website of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore
- Landow, George P. "Singapore Harbor from its Founding to the Present : A Brief Chronology". Postcolonial Web. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
- SG Bicentennial: A Port's Story - a video series about the history of the port of Singapore, produced by PSA Singapore in 2019 to commemorate Singapore's Bicentennial.