Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history

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Coordinates: 28°21′32″S 30°39′9″E / 28.35889°S 30.65250°E / -28.35889; 30.65250
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Selected history 1

Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history/1

Pre-colonial African states from different time periods
Obelisk at temple of Luxor, Egypt. c. 1200 BC

The

Homo sapiens), in East Africa, and continues unbroken into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states. The earliest known recorded history arose in the Kingdom of Kush, and later in Ancient Egypt, the Sahel, the Maghreb and the Horn of Africa
.

Following the

AD
, creating a linguistic commonality across much of the central and Southern continent.

During the

Aksumite Empire. At its peak, prior to European colonialism
, it is estimated that Africa had up to 10,000 different states and autonomous groups with distinct languages and customs.

From the mid-7th century, the

Sahara Desert
.

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Selected history 2

Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history/2

hominins
are believed to have evolved.

Africa has the longest record of human habitation in the world. The first hominins emerged 6-7 million years ago, and among the earliest anatomically modern human skulls found so far were discovered at Omo Kibish.

European archaeology, as well as that of

Later Stone Age. After these three stages come the Pastoral Neolithic
, the Iron Age and then later historical periods.

Africa's prehistory has been largely ignored, with the exception of research into early human evolution. However, it is overseen by the PanAfrican Archaeological Association, whose members consist of professional archaeologists from all over Africa.

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Selected history 3

Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history/3

Stowage of a British slave ship (1788)
Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1769.

The

western Africa, who had been sold by other West Africans to Western European
slave traders (with a small number being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids), who brought them to the Americas. The South Atlantic and Caribbean economies especially were dependent on the supply of secure labour for the production of commodity crops, making goods and clothing to sell in Europe. This was crucial to those western European countries which, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were vying with each other to create overseas empires.

The Portuguese were the first to engage in the Atlantic slave trade in the 16th century. In 1526, they completed the first transatlantic slave voyage to

indentured servants
", like workers coming from England, and also as "apprentices for life". By the middle of the 17th century, slavery had hardened as a racial caste, with the slaves and their offspring being legally the property of their owners, and children born to slave mothers were also slaves. As property, the people were considered merchandise or units of labour, and were sold at markets with other goods and services.

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Selected history 4

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Selected history 5

Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history/5

Invitation to the Pan-African Conference at Westminster Town Hall, London, 23–25 July 1900

The

self-government
and demanding political and other rights for African Americans.

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Selected history 6

Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history/6

Areas of Africa controlled by European colonial powers in 1913, shown along with current national boundaries.
  Belgian Empire
  Italian Empire
  British Empire
  Portuguese Empire
  French Empire
  Spanish Empire
  German Empire
  Independent

The Scramble for Africa was the occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the Partition of Africa and by some the Conquest of Africa. In 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under formal European control; by 1914 it had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent, with only Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and Liberia still being independent. There were multiple motivations including the quest for national prestige, tensions between pairs of European powers, religious missionary zeal and internal African native politics.

The Berlin Conference of 1884, which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa, is usually referred to as the ultimate point of the scramble for Africa. Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century, the partitioning, or splitting up of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa. The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from "informal imperialism" by military influence and economic dominance, to direct rule, bringing about colonial imperialism.

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Selected history 7

Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history/7

Battle of Isandlwana
Part of the
Anglo–Zulu War

A depiction of Lt's Melvill and Coghill fleeing the Battle of Isandlwana with the Queen's Colour, taken from the Illustrated London News.
Date22 January 1879
Location
Isandlwana, South Africa
28°21′32″S 30°39′9″E / 28.35889°S 30.65250°E / -28.35889; 30.65250
Result Zulu victory
Belligerents
 British Empire Zulu Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Overall commander:
Lord Chelmsford
Subordinate commanders:
Bvt. Lt-Col. Henry Pulleine †
Bvt. Col. Anthony Durnford †
 Overall commander:
Ntshingwayo kaMahole Khoza
Subordinate commanders:
Vumindaba kaNthati
Mavumengwana kaNdlela
Zibhebhu kaMapitha
Strength
No.2 Column:
British: 14
Native + colonial: c. 511
No.3 Column:
British: 734
Native + colonial: c. 578
1,837 men total.
In addition to the troops above, an indeterminate number of civilians (wagon drivers, servants, etc.) were also present.		 Zulu Impi:
about 20,000
c. 10,000 to 15,000 engaged
Reserve:
4,000 to 5,000 to Rorke's Drift
Casualties and losses
Over 1,300 killed:
52 officers
727 British regulars
471 others including:
133 European Colonial troops
2 artillery pieces captured		 Approx. 1,000–2,500 killed
2,000 wounded.
Pan-Africanism/Selected history is located in South Africa
Pan-Africanism/Selected history
class=notpageimage|
Location of Isandlwana in present-day South Africa
British Officer attacked by Zulu warriors.

The

7-pounder (3-inch, 76 mm) mountain guns deployed as field guns, as well as a Hale
rocket battery. Despite a vast disadvantage in weapons technology, the Zulus defeated the British, killing over 1,300 troops, including all those out on the forward firing line.

The battle was a decisive victory for the Zulus and caused the defeat of the first British invasion of Zululand. The British Army had suffered its worst defeat against an indigenous foe with vastly inferior military technology.

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Selected history 8

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Selected history 9

Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history/9 The

Toussaint L'Ouverture emerging as Haiti's most charismatic hero. It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery, and ruled by non-whites and former captives. It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of racism in the Atlantic World
.

Its effects on the institution of

free persons of color, their independence from white Europeans. It represents the largest slave uprising since Spartacus's unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic
nearly 1,900 years earlier. It challenged long-held European beliefs about alleged black inferiority and about enslaved persons' capacity to achieve and maintain their own freedom. The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure inspired stories that shocked and frightened slave owners in the hemisphere.

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Selected history 10

Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history/10

Ghana Empire
Wagadou
c. 700–c. 1240
African traditional religion, Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
Ghana 
• 700
Kaya Magan Cissé
• 790s
Majan Dyabe Cisse
• 1040–1062
Ghana Bassi
• 1203–1235
Soumaba Cisse
Historical era
Sosso/Submitted to the Mali Empire
c. 1240
Area
1067 est.1,600 km2 (620 sq mi)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Djenné-Djenno
Mali Empire
Today part of

The

Niger river
. The Ghana Empire grew rich from this increased trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt, allowing for larger urban centres to develop. The traffic furthermore encouraged territorial expansion to gain control over the different trade-routes.

When Ghana's ruling dynasty began remains uncertain; it is mentioned for the first time in written records by

Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 830. In the 11th century the Cordoban scholar Abuof
travelled to the region and gave a detailed description of the kingdom. He claimed that the Ghana could "put 200,000 men into the field, more than 40,000 of them archers", and noted they had cavalry forces as well.

As the empire declined it finally became a vassal of the rising Mali Empire at some point in the 13th century. When the Gold Coast in 1957 became the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to regain its independence from colonial rule, it renamed itself in honor of the long-gone empire.

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Selected history 11

Portal:Pan-Africanism/Selected history/11

Part of a series on
Traditional African religions
A traditional Kanaga mask
Religions
Doctrines
Deities
Sacred places
Education
Priesthood
Relation with other religions

marginalized. The atrocities include killings, waging war, destroying of sacred places
, and other atrocious actions.

After the establishment of Islam, its rapid expansion and

Askia
.

In the Senegambia region, the Serer people who held "a strong connection to their ancient religious past" became the targets of Islamic jihads and persecution from the 11th to the 19th-century resulting in the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune.

Traditional African religions are tolerant of other gods, which allows general co-existence for multiple religions. This has been regarded by some authors to be another reason behind the rise of other religions in Africa. Most followers of traditional religions accommodated Islam during the start of its spread in Africa, but in West Africa, it was not until the coming of colonialism that Islam gained mass appeal, transforming even groups with historical animosity towards Islamic domination into Muslim communities.

In many instances, conflicting groups chose to align with Muslim armies against other African communities.

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