Principality of Valona

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Principality of Valona and Kanina
Principata e Vlorës dhe Kanina (
Roman Catholicism
GovernmentPrincipality
Despot, later simply Lord 
• 1346–1363
John Komnenos Asen
• 1363–1372
Alexander Komnenos Asen
• 1372–1385
Balša II
• 1385–1396
Komnina Balšić
• 1396–1414
Mrkša Žarković
• 1414–1417
Ruđina Balšić
Historical era
Medieval
• Serbian conquest
1346
• De facto independence
1355
• Ottoman conquest
1417
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Byzantine Empire
Sanjak of Avlona
Today part ofAlbania

The Principality of Valona and Kanina

vassal of the Serbian Empire, it became an independent lordship after 1355, although de facto under Venetian influence, and remained as such until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks
in 1417.

History

The strategically important city of

Serbian ruler Stefan Dušan, taking advantage of a Byzantine civil war, took Albania. Valona fell in late 1345 or early 1346, and Dušan placed his brother-in-law, John Asen, brother of the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Alexander, in charge of Valona as his capital, and with Kanina and Berat as his main fortresses.[5][6] According to some scholars, however, Dušan had captured Valona and Kanina already in 1337.[7] The extent of John's authority over this territory is unclear; it is not known whether he was limited to the rule of these fortified cities, or whether his authority was more extensive, with the various local chieftains of central Albania reporting to him as a representative of Dušan.[8][9]

John was granted the rank of Despot by Dušan, and went on to solidify his control over his new territory by portraying himself as the heir to the Despots of Epirus. To that end, he married Anna Palaiologina, the widow of Despot John II Orsini, adopted the trappings of the Byzantine court, took on the surname "Komnenos" that was traditionally borne by the Epirote rulers, and signed his documents in Greek.[5][10] After Dušan's death in 1355, John established himself as an independent lord. He maintained close relations with Venice (whose citizen he became) and with Simeon Uroš, ruler of Epirus in the south. Under his rule, Valona prospered through trade with Venice and the Republic of Ragusa (mod. Dubrovnik).[5][11]

John died in 1363 from the plague, and was succeeded by Alexander, possibly his son, who ruled until ca. 1368. He continued his father's policies, maintaining close ties with Ragusa, whose citizenship he acquired.

fallen to the Muzaka, and their lordship was now confined to the area around Valona, with Kanina, Himara and the fort of Pyrgos.[16][17]

The principality was now faced with the ever-increasing Ottoman threat; in 1386, Balša's widow offered to cede Valona to Venice in exchange for aid, but the Republic refused, since Valona alone without her hinterland was indefensible. Following the decisive Ottoman victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the situation became yet more precarious. A similar offer in 1393 was also rejected by a Venice anxious not to antagonize the Ottomans, but another, more comprehensive proposal, followed two years later. Through the bishop of Albania, the widow offered to the handover of the entire principality in exchange for a lifelong pension for her and her family of some 7,000 ducats drawn, from the principality's revenue (estimated at 9,000 ducats). Negotiations faltered after the widow's death in 1396.[18] She was succeeded by Rugina, who in 1391 had married Mrkša Žarković. According to Italian sources, the principality was called the Kingdom of Serbia during Mrkša'a period. Threatened by Ottoman expansion, both Balša's widow and Mrkša repeatedly offered to surrender Valona and their principality to the Venetians, but they refused or procrastinated. After Mrkša's death in 1414, he was briefly succeeded by his widow Rugina, until the Ottomans took the city in 1417.[19][20][21]

The Venetian

bailo at Constantinople tried to obtain the return of the territory to Rugina, who was a Venetian citizen, or alternatively purchase it for the Republic with up to 8,000 ducats, but nothing came of it.[22] With the exception of a brief Venetian occupation in 1690–91, the region remained under Ottoman rule until the First Balkan War and the establishment of an independent Albanian state.[23]

Rulers

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Albanian: Principata e Vlorës dhe Kanina, Serbian: Кнежевина Валона и Канина, romanized: Kneževina Valona i Kanina, Bulgarian: Княжество, romanized: Knyazhestvo Vlora i Kanina
  2. ^ Albanian: Despotati e Vlorës dhe Kanina, Serbian: Деспотовина Валона и Канина, romanized: Despotovina Valona i Kanina, Bulgarian: Деспотство Вльора и Канина, romanized: Despotstvo Vlora i Kanina
  3. ^ Albanian: Principata e Vlorës, Serbian: Валонска кнежевина, romanized: Valonska kneževina, Bulgarian: Валонско княжество, romanized: Valonsko knyazhestvo

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5
    .
  2. ^ "Valonska kneževina — Vikipedija, slobodna enciklopedija". sr.m.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
  3. ^ "Hr. Matanov – Jugozap. bylg. zemi prez XIV vek – 5.1". www.promacedonia.org. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
  4. ^ Miller (1921), pp. 432–434
  5. ^ a b c Miller 1921, p. 434
  6. ^ Fine 1994, p. 320
  7. ^ Fine 1994, p. 290
  8. ^ Fine (1994), pp. 320, 347, 357
  9. ^ Soulis 1984, p. 136
  10. ^ Fine (1994), pp. 320, 347
  11. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 357
  12. ^ Soulis (1984), pp. 137–138
  13. ^ Miller (1921), pp. 434–435
  14. ^ Fine (1994), pp. 372, 383
  15. ^ Soulis 1984, p. 138
  16. ^ a b c d Miller 1921, p. 435
  17. ^ Fine (1994), pp. 390–391
  18. ^ Miller (1921), pp. 435–436
  19. ^ Fine 1994, p. 391
  20. ^ Soulis (1984), pp. 140–141
  21. ^ Miller (1921), pp. 436–437
  22. ^ Miller 1921, p. 437
  23. ^ Miller (1921), pp. 437–442
  24. ^ Soulis 1984, p. 137
  25. ^ Srpsko učeno društvo (1881), p. 207
  26. ^ Soulis 1984, p. 140

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Valona&oldid=1199354966"