Proto-Quechuan language
| Proto-Quechuan | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Quechuan languages |
| Region | Central Peru |
| Era | before 500 BC |
Proto-Quechuan language is the hypothetical mother tongue or proto-language that would have given rise to the various languages of the Quechuan languages. This proto-language is reconstructed based on evidence from modern Quechuan languages, as well as records of ancient forms.
Development
Proto-Quechuan was likely spoken in the central region of ancient Peru according to
Quechua II.[1]
Phonology
The
coda
(beginning and end of syllable, respectively).
Three vowel phonemes are distinguished: a vowel
approximants /j, w/ and two or three liquid
/ʎ, ɾ, (l)/.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar
|
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal
|
m
|
n
|
ɲ
|
|||||||||||||
stop
|
p |
t |
k |
q |
||||||||||||
Affricate
|
t͡ʃ | ʈ͡ʂ | ||||||||||||||
Fricative
|
s | ʂ | h | |||||||||||||
Approximant
|
j | w | ||||||||||||||
| Lateral | (l) | ʎ | ||||||||||||||
Tap
|
ɾ
|
|||||||||||||||
Phonetic correspondences
The following table shows the numerals in Proto-Quechuan and its evolution in different modern Quechua languages:
| GLOSS | PROTO- QUECHUAN |
Quechua I | Quechua II
| ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huaylas | Huánuco | Huanca |
Pacaraos | Cajamarca | Imbabura | Salasaca | Tena | Ayacucho | Cuzco |
Bolivian | Santiagueño | ||
| '1' | *suk | huk | huk | huk, suk | huk | suχ | ʃux | ʃuh | ʃuk | huk | hux | ux | suk |
| '2' | *iʂkaj | iʃkaj | iʃkaj | iʃkaj | iʃkaj | iʃkaj | iʃgaj | iʃki | iʃki | iskaj | iskaj | iskaj | iʃkaj |
| '3' | *kimsa | kima, kimsa | kimsa | kimsa | kima | kimsa | kinsa | kinsa | kinsa | kimsa | kinsa | kinsa | kimsa |
| '4' | *ʈʂusku | ʧusku | ʧusku | ʈʂusku | ʈʂusku | ʈʂusku | ʧusku | ʧusku | ʧusku | tawa | tawa | tawa | taa |
| '5' | *piʧqa | piʦqa | piʧɢa | piʧʔa | pisχa | piʧqa | piʧa | piʧka | piʧka | piʧχa | pʰisqa | pʰiʃqa | piʃqa |
| '6' | *suqta | huqta | suχta | suʔta | huχta | suχta | sukta | sukta | sukta | suχta | suqta | suhta | suqta |
| '7' | *qanʈʂis | qanʧis | ɢanʧis | ʔanʈʂis | ʁanʈʂis | qanʈʂis | kanʧis | kanʧis | kanʤis | χanʧis | qanʧis | qanʧis | qanʧis |
| '8' | *pusaq | puwaq | pusaχ | pusaː | puwaχ | pusaχ | pusax | pusah | pusak | pusaχ | pusaq | pusah | pusaq |
| '9' | *isqun | isqun | isɢun | isʕun | isʁun | isqun | iskun | iskun | iskun | isχun | isqun | hisqʼun | isqun |
| '10' | *ʈʂunka | ʧuŋka | ʧuŋka | ʈʂunka | ʈʂuŋka | ʈʂuŋga | ʧuŋga | ʧuŋga | ʧuŋga | ʧuŋka | ʧunka | ʧuŋka | ʧuŋka |
References
- ^ Torero Fernández de Córdova, Alfredo (1984). "El comercio lejano y la difusión del quechua. The case of Ecuador". Revista Andina. No. 4. p. 367.
- ISBN 052136275X.
- Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo(2003). Lingüística quechua (2ª ed.). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos 'Bartolomé de las Casas'.
- Itier, César; Torero, A. (1995). Del siglo de oro al siglo de las luces: lenguaje y sociedad en los Andes del siglo XVIII. Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos 'CBC'. ISBN 84-8387-020-7.
- ISBN 9786034502109.
- ISBN 9233019268.
- Torero, Alfredo (December 1984). "El comercio lejano y la difusión del quechua. El caso del Ecuador". Andina (4). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas": 367–402. Archived from the originalon 2009-07-07.
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