Numeral (linguistics)
In linguistics, a numeral in the broadest sense is a
Numerals can express relationships like quantity (cardinal numbers), sequence (ordinal numbers), frequency (once, twice), and part (fraction).[3]
Identifying numerals
Numerals may be
Many words of different parts of speech indicate number or quantity. Such words are called
Numerals may be simple, such as 'eleven', or compound, such as 'twenty-three'.
In linguistics, however, numerals are classified according to purpose: examples are
Some languages have a very limited set of numerals, and in some cases they arguably do not have any numerals at all, but instead use more generic quantifiers, such as 'pair' or 'many'. However, by now most such languages have borrowed the numeral system or part of the numeral system of a national or colonial language, though in a few cases (such as Guarani[5]), a numeral system has been invented internally rather than borrowed. Other languages had an indigenous system but borrowed a second set of numerals anyway. An example is Japanese, which uses either native or Chinese-derived numerals depending on what is being counted.
In many languages, such as
numerals.Larger numerals
English has derived numerals for multiples of its base (fifty, sixty, etc.), and some languages have simplex numerals for these, or even for numbers between the multiples of its base. Balinese, for example, currently has a decimal system, with words for 10, 100, and 1000, but has additional simplex numerals for 25 (with a second word for 25 only found in a compound for 75), 35, 45, 50, 150, 175, 200 (with a second found in a compound for 1200), 400, 900, and 1600. In Hindustani, the numerals between 10 and 100 have developed to the extent that they need to be learned independently.
In many languages, numerals up to the base are a distinct
In East Asia, the higher units are hundred, thousand, myriad 104, and powers of myriad. In the Indian subcontinent, they are hundred, thousand, lakh 105, crore 107, and so on. The Mesoamerican system, still used to some extent in Mayan languages, was based on powers of 20: bak’ 400 (202), pik 8000 (203), kalab 160,000 (204), etc.
Numerals of cardinal numbers
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2019) |
The
This table demonstrates the standard English construction of some cardinal numbers. (See next table for names of larger cardinals.)
Value | Name | Alternate names, and names for sets of the given size |
---|---|---|
0 | Zero | aught, cipher, cypher, donut, dot, duck, goose egg, love, nada, naught, nil, none, nought, nowt, null, ought, oh, squat, zed, zilch, zip, zippo, Sunya (Sanskrit )
|
1 | One | ace, individual, single, singleton, unary, unit, unity, Pratham (Sanskrit) |
2 | Two | binary, brace, couple, couplet, distich, deuce, double, doubleton, duad, duality, duet, duo, dyad, pair, span, twain, twin, twosome, yoke |
3 | Three | deuce-ace, leash, set, tercet, ternary, ternion, terzetto, threesome, tierce, trey, triad, trine, trinity, trio, triplet, troika, hat-trick |
4 | Four | foursome, quadruplet, quatern, quaternary, quaternity, quartet, tetrad |
5 | Five | cinque, fin, fivesome, pentad, quint, quintet, quintuplet |
6 | Six | half dozen, hexad, sestet, sextet, sextuplet, sise |
7 | Seven | heptad, septet, septuple, walking stick |
8 | Eight | octad, octave, octet, octonary, octuplet, ogdoad |
9 | Nine | ennead |
10 | Ten | deca, decade, das (India) |
11 | Eleven | onze, ounze, ounce, banker's dozen |
12 | Twelve | dozen |
13 | Thirteen | baker's dozen, long dozen[6]
|
20 | Twenty | score, |
21 | Twenty-one | long score,[6] blackjack |
22 | Twenty-two | Deuce-deuce |
24 | Twenty-four | two dozen |
40 | Forty | two-score |
50 | Fifty | half-century |
55 | Fifty-five | double nickel
|
60 | Sixty | three-score |
70 | Seventy | three-score and ten |
80 | Eighty | four-score |
87 | Eighty-seven | four-score and seven |
90 | Ninety | four-score and ten |
100 | One hundred | centred, century, ton, short hundred |
111 | One hundred [and] eleven | eleventy-one[7] |
120 | One hundred [and] twenty | long hundred,[6] great hundred, (obsolete) hundred |
144 | One hundred [and] forty-four | gross, dozen dozen, small gross |
1000 | One thousand | chiliad, grand, G, thou, yard, kilo, k, millennium, Hajaar (India), ten hundred |
1024 | One thousand [and] twenty-four | kibi or kilo in computing, see binary prefix (kilo is shortened to K, Kibi to Ki) |
1100 | One thousand one hundred | Eleven hundred |
1728 | One thousand seven hundred [and] twenty-eight | great gross, long gross, dozen gross |
10000 | Ten thousand | myriad, wan (China) |
100000 | One hundred thousand | lakh |
500000 | Five hundred thousand | crore (Iranian) |
1000000 | One million | Mega, meg, mil, (often shortened to M) |
1048576 | One million forty-eight thousand five hundred [and] seventy-six | Mibi or Mega in computing, see binary prefix (Mega is shortened to M, Mibi to Mi) |
10000000 | Ten million | crore (Indian)(Pakistan) |
100000000 | One hundred million | yi (China) |
English names for powers of 10
This table compares the English names of cardinal numbers according to various American, British, and Continental European conventions. See English numerals or names of large numbers for more information on naming numbers.
Short scale | Long scale | ||
---|---|---|---|
Value | American | British (Nicolas Chuquet) |
Continental European ( Jacques Peletier du Mans )
|
100 | One | ||
101 | Ten | ||
102 | Hundred | ||
103 | Thousand | ||
106 | Million | ||
109 | Billion | Thousand million | Milliard |
1012 | Trillion | Billion | |
1015 | Quadrillion | Thousand billion | Billiard |
1018 | Quintillion | Trillion | |
1021 | Sextillion | Thousand trillion | Trilliard |
1024 | Septillion | Quadrillion | |
1027 | Octillion | Thousand quadrillion | Quadrilliard |
1030 | Nonillion | Quintillion | |
1033 | Decillion | Thousand quintillion | Quintilliard |
1036 | Undecillion | Sextillion | |
1039 | Duodecillion | Thousand sextillion | Sextilliard |
1042 | Tredecillion | Septillion | |
1045 | Quattuordecillion | Thousand septillion | Septilliard |
1048 | Quindecillion | Octillion | |
1051 | Sexdecillion | Thousand octillion | Octilliard |
1054 | Septendecillion | Nonillion | |
1057 | Octodecillion | Thousand nonillion | Nonilliard |
1060 | Novemdecillion | Decillion | |
1063 | Vigintillion | Thousand decillion | Decilliard |
1066 | Unvigintillion | Undecillion | |
1069 | Duovigintillion | Thousand undecillion | Undecilliard |
1072 | Trevigintillion | Duodecillion | |
1075 | Quattuorvigintillion | Thousand duodecillion | Duodecilliard |
1078 | Quinvigintillion | Tredecillion | |
1081 | Sexvigintillion | Thousand tredecillion | Tredecilliard |
1084 | Septenvigintillion | Quattuordecillion | |
1087 | Octovigintillion | Thousand quattuordecillion | Quattuordecilliard |
1090 | Novemvigintillion | Quindecillion | |
1093 | Trigintillion | Thousand quindecillion | Quindecilliard |
1096 | Untrigintillion | Sexdecillion | |
1099 | Duotrigintillion | Thousand sexdecillion | Sexdecilliard |
10120 | Novemtrigintillion | Vigintillion | |
10123 | Quadragintillion | Thousand vigintillion | Vigintilliard |
10153 | Quinquagintillion | Thousand quinvigintillion | Quinvigintilliard |
10180 | Novemquinquagintillion | Trigintillion | |
10183 | Sexagintillion | Thousand trigintillion | Trigintilliard |
10213 | Septuagintillion | Thousand quintrigintillion | Quintrigintilliard |
10240 | Novemseptuagintillion | Quadragintillion | |
10243 | Octogintillion | Thousand quadragintillion | Quadragintilliard |
10273 | Nonagintillion | Thousand quinquadragintillion | Quinquadragintilliard |
10300 | Novemnonagintillion | Quinquagintillion | |
10303 | Centillion |
Thousand quinquagintillion | Quinquagintilliard |
10360 | Cennovemdecillion | Sexagintillion | |
10420 | Cennovemtrigintillion | Septuagintillion | |
10480 | Cennovemquinquagintillion | Octogintillion | |
10540 | Cennovemseptuagintillion | Nonagintillion | |
10600 | Cennovemnonagintillion | Centillion
| |
10603 | Ducentillion | Thousand centillion | Centilliard
|
There is no consistent and widely accepted way to extend cardinals beyond
Myriad, Octad, and -yllion systems
The following table details the myriad, octad, Chinese myriad, Chinese long and -yllion names for powers of 10.
There is also a
Value | Myriad System Name | Octad System Name | Chinese Myriad Scale | Chinese Long Scale | Knuth-proposed System Name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | One | One | 一 | 一 | One |
101 | Ten | Ten | 十 | 十 | Ten |
102 | Hundred | Hundred | 百 | 百 | Hundred |
103 | Thousand | Thousand | 千 | 千 | Ten hundred |
104 | Myriad | Myriad | 萬 (万) | 萬 (万) | Myriad |
105 | Ten myriad | Ten myriad | 十萬 (十万) | 十萬 (十万) | Ten myriad |
106 | Hundred myriad | Hundred myriad | 百萬 (百万) | 百萬 (百万) | Hundred myriad |
107 | Thousand myriad | Thousand myriad | 千萬 (千万) | 千萬 (千万) | Ten hundred myriad |
108 | Second Myriad | Octad | 億 (亿) | 億 (亿) | Myllion |
1012 | Third myriad | Myriad Octad | 兆 | 萬億 | Myriad myllion |
1016 | Fourth myriad | Second octad | 京 | 兆 | Byllion |
1020 | Fifth myriad | Myriad second octad | 垓 | 萬兆 | |
1024 | Sixth myriad | Third octad | 秭 (in China); 𥝱 (in Japan) | 億兆 | Myllion byllion |
1028 | Seventh myriad | Myriad third octad | 穰 | 萬億兆 | |
1032 | Eighth myriad | Fourth octad | 溝 (沟) | 京 | Tryllion |
1036 | Ninth myriad | Myriad fourth octad | 澗 (涧) | 萬京 | |
1040 | Tenth myriad | Fifth octad | 正 | 億京 | |
1044 | Eleventh myriad | Myriad fifth octad | 載 (载) | 萬億京 | |
1048 | Twelfth myriad | Sixth octad | 極 (极) (in China and in Japan) | 兆京 | |
1052 | Thirteenth myriad | Myriad sixth octad | 恆河沙 (恒河沙) (in China) | 萬兆京 | |
1056 | Fourteenth myriad | Seventh octad | 阿僧祇 (in China); 恒河沙 (in Japan) | 億兆京 | |
1060 | Fifteenth myriad | Myriad seventh octad | 那由他, 那由多 (in China) | 萬億兆京 | |
1064 | Sixteenth myriad | Eighth octad | 不可思議 (不可思议) (in China), 阿僧祇 (in Japan) | 垓 | Quadyllion |
1068 | Seventeenth myriad | Myriad eighth octad | 無量大數 (无量大数) (in China) | 萬垓 | |
1072 | Eighteenth myriad | Ninth octad | 那由他, 那由多 (in Japan) | 億垓 | |
1080 | Twentieth myriad | Tenth octad | 不可思議 (in Japan) | 兆垓 | |
1088 | Twenty-second myriad | Eleventh Octad | 無量大数 (in Japan) | 億兆垓 | |
10128 | 秭 | Quinyllion | |||
10256 | 穰 | Sexyllion | |||
10512 | 溝 (沟) | Septyllion | |||
101,024 | 澗 (涧) | Octyllion | |||
102,048 | 正 | Nonyllion | |||
104,096 | 載 (载) | Decyllion | |||
108,192 | 極 (极) | Undecyllion | |||
1016,384 | Duodecyllion | ||||
1032,768 | Tredecyllion | ||||
1065,536 | Quattuordecyllion | ||||
10131,072 | Quindecyllion | ||||
10262,144 | Sexdecyllion | ||||
10524,288 | Septendecyllion | ||||
101,048,576 | Octodecyllion | ||||
102,097,152 | Novemdecyllion | ||||
104,194,304 | Vigintyllion | ||||
10232 | Trigintyllion | ||||
10242 | Quadragintyllion | ||||
10252 | Quinquagintyllion | ||||
10262 | Sexagintyllion | ||||
10272 | Septuagintyllion | ||||
10282 | Octogintyllion | ||||
10292 | Nonagintyllion | ||||
102102 | Centyllion | ||||
1021,002 | Millyllion | ||||
10210,002 | Myryllion |
Fractional numerals
This is a table of English names for non-negative rational numbers less than or equal to 1. It also lists alternative names, but there is no widespread convention for the names of extremely small positive numbers.
Keep in mind that rational numbers like 0.12 can be represented in
Value | Fraction | Common names |
---|---|---|
1 | 1/1 | One, Unity, Whole |
0.9 | 9/10 | Nine tenths, [zero] point nine |
0.833333... | 5/6 | Five sixths |
0.8 | 4/5 | Four fifths, eight tenths, [zero] point eight |
0.75 | 3/4 | three quarters, three fourths, seventy-five hundredths, [zero] point seven five |
0.7 | 7/10 | Seven tenths, [zero] point seven |
0.666666... | 2/3 | Two thirds |
0.6 | 3/5 | Three fifths, six tenths, [zero] point six |
0.5 | 1/2 | One half, five tenths, [zero] point five |
0.4 | 2/5 | Two fifths, four tenths, [zero] point four |
0.333333... | 1/3 | One third |
0.3 | 3/10 | Three tenths, [zero] point three |
0.25 | 1/4 | One quarter, one fourth, twenty-five hundredths, [zero] point two five |
0.2 | 1/5 | One fifth, two tenths, [zero] point two |
0.166666... | 1/6 | One sixth |
0.142857142857... | 1/7 | One seventh |
0.125 | 1/8 | One eighth, one-hundred-[and-]twenty-five thousandths, [zero] point one two five |
0.111111... | 1/9 | One ninth |
0.1 | 1/10 | One tenth, [zero] point one, One perdecime, one perdime |
0.090909... | 1/11 | One eleventh |
0.09 | 9/100 | Nine hundredths, [zero] point zero nine |
0.083333... | 1/12 | One twelfth |
0.08 | 2/25 | Two twenty-fifths, eight hundredths, [zero] point zero eight |
0.076923076923... | 1/13 | One thirteenth |
0.071428571428... | 1/14 | One fourteenth |
0.066666... | 1/15 | One fifteenth |
0.0625 | 1/16 | One sixteenth, six-hundred-[and-]twenty-five ten-thousandths, [zero] point zero six two five |
0.055555... | 1/18 | One eighteenth |
0.05 | 1/20 | One twentieth, five hundredths, [zero] point zero five |
0.047619047619... | 1/21 | One twenty-first |
0.045454545... | 1/22 | One twenty-second |
0.043478260869565217391304347... | 1/23 | One twenty-third |
0.041666... | 1/24 | One twenty-fourth |
0.04 | 1/25 | One twenty-fifth, four hundredths, [zero] point zero four |
0.033333... | 1/30 | One thirtieth |
0.03125 | 1/32 | One thirty-second, thirty one-hundred [and] twenty five hundred-thousandths, [zero] point zero three one two five |
0.03 | 3/100 | Three hundredths, [zero] point zero three |
0.025 | 1/40 | One fortieth, twenty-five thousandths, [zero] point zero two five |
0.02 | 1/50 | One fiftieth, two hundredths, [zero] point zero two |
0.016666... | 1/60 | One sixtieth |
0.015625 | 1/64 | One sixty-fourth, ten thousand fifty six-hundred [and] twenty-five millionths, [zero] point zero one five six two five |
0.012345679012345679... | 1/81 | One eighty-first |
0.010101... | 1/99 | One ninety-ninth |
0.01 | 1/100 | One hundredth, [zero] point zero one, One percent
|
0.009900990099... | 1/101 | One hundred-first |
0.008264462809917355371900... | 1/121 | One over one hundred twenty-one |
0.001 | 1/1000 | One thousandth, [zero] point zero zero one, One permille
|
0.000277777... | 1/3600 | One thirty-six hundredth |
0.0001 | 1/10000 | One ten-thousandth, [zero] point zero zero zero one, One myriadth, one permyria, one permyriad, one basis point |
0.00001 | 1/100000 | One hundred-thousandth, [zero] point zero zero zero zero one, One lakhth, one perlakh |
0.000001 | 1/1000000 | One millionth, [zero] point zero zero zero zero zero one, One ppm
|
0.0000001 | 1/10000000 | One ten-millionth, One crorth, one percrore |
0.00000001 | 1/100000000 | One hundred-millionth |
0.000000001 | 1/1000000000 | One billionth (in some dialects), One ppb
|
0.000000000001 | 1/1000000000000 | One trillionth, One ppt |
0 | 0/1 | Zero, Nil |
Other specific quantity terms
Various terms have arisen to describe commonly used measured quantities.
- Unit: 1 (based on a single entity of counting or measurement of an object or item)
- binary numeral system)
- trinary numeral system)
- Dozen: 12 (the base of the duodecimal numeral system)
- Baker's dozen: 13 (based on a group of thirteen objects or items)
- Score: 20 (the base of the vigesimal numeral system)
- Shock: 60 (the base of the sexagesimal numeral system)[9]
- Gross: (based on a group of 144 objects or items)
- Great gross: (based on a group of 1,728 objects or items)
Basis of counting system
Not all peoples use
Most languages with both numerals and counting use base 8, 10, 12, or 20. Base 10 appears to come from counting one's fingers, base 20 from the fingers and toes, base 8 from counting the spaces between the fingers (attested in California), and base 12 from counting the knuckles (3 each for the four fingers).[14]
No base
Many languages of
2: binary
Binary systems are based on the number 2, using zeros and ones. With only two symbols binary is used for things with coding like computers.
3: ternary
Ternary systems are based on the number 3, having practical usage in some analog logic, in baseball scoring and in self–similar mathematical structures.
4: quaternary
Quaternary systems are based on the number 4. Some Austronesian, Melanesian, Sulawesi, and Papua New Guinea ethnic groups, count with the base number four, using the term asu or aso, the word for dog, as the ubiquitous village dog has four legs.[15] This is argued by anthropologists to be also based on early humans noting the human and animal shared body feature of two arms and two legs as well as its ease in simple arithmetic and counting. As an example of the system's ease a realistic scenario could include a farmer returning from the market with fifty asu heads of pig (200), less 30 asu (120) of pig bartered for 10 asu (40) of goats noting his new pig count total as twenty asu: 80 pigs remaining. The system has a correlation to the dozen counting system and is still in common use in these areas as a natural and easy method of simple arithmetic.[15][16]
5: quinary
Quinary systems are based on the number 5. It is almost certain the quinary system developed from counting by fingers (five fingers per hand).[17] An example are the Epi languages of Vanuatu, where 5 is luna 'hand', 10 lua-luna 'two hand', 15 tolu-luna 'three hand', etc. 11 is then lua-luna tai 'two-hand one', and 17 tolu-luna lua 'three-hand two'.
5 is a common auxiliary base, or sub-base, where 6 is 'five and one', 7 'five and two', etc.
6: senary
Senary systems are based on the number 6. The Morehead-Maro languages of Southern New Guinea are examples of the rare base 6 system with monomorphemic words running up to 66. Examples are
7: septenary
Septenary systems are based on the number 7. Septenary systems are very rare, as few natural objects consistently have seven distinctive features. Traditionally, it occurs in week-related timing. It has been suggested that the Palikúr language has a base-seven system, but this is dubious.[18]
8: octal
Octal systems are based on the number 8. Examples can be found in the
9: nonary
Nonary systems are based on the number 9. It has been suggested that Nenets has a base-nine system.[18]
10: decimal
Decimal systems are based on the number 10. A majority of traditional number systems are decimal. This dates back at least to the ancient Egyptians, who used a wholly decimal system. Anthropologists hypothesize this may be due to humans having five digits per hand, ten in total.[17][20] There are many regional variations including:
- Western system: based on thousands, with variants (see English numerals)
- Indian system: Indian numerals)
- East Asian system: based on ten-thousands(see below)
12: duodecimal
Duodecimal systems are based on the number 12.
These include:
- Chepang language of Nepal,
- Minicoy Island in India
- Kahugu and the Nimbia dialect of Gwandara.
- Melanesia[citation needed]
- reconstructed proto-Benue–Congo
Duodecimal numeric systems have some practical advantages over decimal. It is much easier to divide the base digit
Because of several measurements based on twelve,
16: hexadecimal
Hexadecimal systems are based on the number 16.
The traditional Chinese units of measurement were base-16. For example, one jīn (斤) in the old system equals sixteen taels. The suanpan (Chinese abacus) can be used to perform hexadecimal calculations such as additions and subtractions.[22]
South Asian monetary systems were base-16. One rupee in Pakistan and India was divided into 16 annay. A single
20: vigesimal
Vigesimal systems are based on the number 20. Anthropologists are convinced the system originated from digit counting, as did bases five and ten, twenty being the number of human fingers and toes combined.[17][23] The system is in widespread use across the world. Some include the classical
Partial vigesimal systems are found in some European languages: Basque, Celtic languages, French (from Celtic), Danish, and Georgian. In these languages the systems are vigesimal up to 99, then decimal from 100 up. That is, 140 is 'one hundred two score', not *seven score, and there is no numeral for 400 (great score).
The term
24: quadrovigesimal
Quadrovigesimal systems are based on the number 24. The
32: duotrigesimal
Duotrigesimal systems are based on the number 32. The Ngiti ethnolinguistic group uses a base 32 numeral system.
60: sexagesimal
Sexagesimal systems are based on the number 60. Ekari has a base-60 system. Sumeria had a base-60 system with a decimal sub-base (with alternating cycles of 10 and 6), which was the origin of the numbering of modern degrees, minutes, and seconds.
80: octogesimal
Octogesimal systems are based on the number 80. Supyire is said to have a base-80 system; it counts in twenties (with 5 and 10 as sub-bases) up to 80, then by eighties up to 400, and then by 400s (great scores).
kàmpwóò
four hundred
ŋ̀kwuu
eighty
sicyɛɛré
four
ná
and
béé-tàànre
twenty-three
ná
and
kɛ́
ten
ná
and
báár-ìcyɛ̀ɛ̀rè
five-four
799 [i.e. 400 + (4 x 80) + (3 x 20) + {10 + (5 + 4)}]’
See also
Numerals in various languages
A database Numeral Systems of the World's Languages Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine compiled by Eugene S.L. Chan of Hong Kong is hosted by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. The database currently contains data for about 4000 languages.
- Proto-Indo-European numerals
- English numerals
- Indian numbering system
- Polish numerals
- Hindustani numerals
- Proto-Semitic numerals
- Chinese numerals
- Australian Aboriginal enumeration
- Balinese numerals
- Dzongkha numerals
- Finnish numerals
- Javanese numerals
- Yoruba numerals
Related topics
Notes
- ^ Charles Follen: A Practical Grammar of the German Language. Boston, 1828, p. 9, p. 44 and 48. Quote: "PARTS OF SPEECH. There are ten parts of speech, viz. Article, Substantive or Noun, Adjective, Numeral, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.", "NUMERALS. The numbers are divided into cardinal, ordinal, proportional, distributive, and collective. [...] Numerals of proportion and distribution are [...] &c. Observation. The above numerals, in fach or fäl´tig, are regularly declined, like other adjectives."
- ^ Horace Dalmolin: The New English Grammar: With Phonetics, Morphology and Syntax, Tate Publishing & Enterprises, 2009, p. 175 & p. 177. Quote: "76. The different types of words used to compose a sentence, in order to relate an idea or to convey a thought, are known as parts of speech. [...] The parts of speech, with a brief definition, will follow. [...] 87. Numeral: Numerals are words that express the idea of number. There are two types of numerals: cardinal and ordinal. The cardinal numbers (one, two, three...) are used for counting people, objects, etc. Ordinal numbers (first, second, third...) can indicate order, placement in rank, etc."
- ^ a b "What is a numeral?".
- ^ "Walsinfo.com".[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Numbers in Guaraní (Papapy Avañe'ême)". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2021-06-11.
- ^ a b c Blunt, Joseph (1 January 1837). "The Shipmaster's Assistant, and Commercial Digest: Containing Information Useful to Merchants, Owners, and Masters of Ships". E. & G.W. Blunt – via Google Books.
- ^ Ezard, John (2 Jan 2003). "Tolkien catches up with his hobbit". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 Apr 2018.
- ^ "Large Numbers (page 2) at MROB". mrob.com. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
- ISBN 978-1447100034.
- ^ "Hammarström (2009, page 197) "Rarities in numeral systems"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
- ^ UCL Media Relations, "Aboriginal kids can count without numbers" Archived 2018-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
- PMID 18757729.
[Warlpiri] has three generic types of number words: singular, dual plural, and greater than dual plural.
- ^ The Science Show, Genetic anomaly could explain severe difficulty with arithmetic, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
- ^ Bernard Comrie, "The Typology of Numeral Systems Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine", p. 3
- ^ ISBN 0-522-84025-6.: 3 pages p 219.
- ISBN 1-878205-43-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-486-43231-1page, p:11
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59028-210-6
- ISBN 0-412-98941-7
- ^ Scientific American Munn& Co: 1968, vol 219: 219
- ^ such as twelve months in a year, the twelve-hour clock, twelve inches to the foot, twelve pence to the shilling
- ^ "算盤 Hexadecimal Addition & Subtraction on a Chinese Abacus". totton.idirect.com. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
- ISBN 1-86046-791-1. 1262 pages
Further reading
- Crespo Cantalapiedra, I. (2023). La diversidad en las lenguas: los numerales. Online book (in Spanish).
- ISBN 978-0-521-13368-5.