Robert Fortune

Robert Fortune (16 September 1812 – 13 April 1880)^[1][2] was a Scottish botanist, plant hunter and traveller, best known for introducing around 250 new ornamental plants, mainly from China, but also Japan, into the gardens of Britain, Australia, and the USA. He also played a role in the development of the tea industry in India in the 19th century.

Life

Fortune was born in 1812 in the small settlement or “fermtoun” of Kelloe in the parish of Edrom, Berwickshire.^[3] After completing his apprenticeship, he was then employed at Moredun House, just to the south of Edinburgh, before then moving on to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. In 1840 he and his family moved to London to take up a position at the Horticultural Society of London's garden at Chiswick. Following the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, in early 1843 he was commissioned by the H.S. to undertake a three-year plant collection expedition to southern China.

His travels resulted in the introduction to Europe, Australia, and the USA of many new, exotic, and beautiful flowers and plants. His most famous accomplishment was the successful introduction, although it was not the first by any means, of Chinese tea plants (

. Robert Fortune worked in China for several years in the period from 1843 to 1861.

Similar to other European travellers of the period, such as

Chinese government of the time, but his travels were also beyond the allowable day's journey from the European treaty ports. Fortune travelled to some areas of China that had seldom been visited by Europeans, including remote areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangsu

provinces.

Fortune employed many different means to obtain plants and seedlings from local tea growers, reputedly the property of the Chinese empire, although this was some 150 years before international biodiversity laws recognised state ownership of such natural resources. He is also known for his use of

Sri Lanka.^[4][5]

In subsequent journeys he visited Formosa (modern day

cumquat, a climbing double yellow rose ('Fortune's Double Yellow' (syn. Gold of Ophir) which proved a failure in England's climate), and many varieties of tree peonies, azaleas and chrysanthemums. A climbing white rose that he brought back from China in 1850, believed to be a natural cross between Rosa laevigata and R. banksiae, was dubbed R. fortuniana (syn. R. fortuneana) in his honour. This rose, too, proved a failure in England, preferring warmer climates. Today, both of these roses are still widely grown by antique rose fanciers in mild winter regions. Rosa fortuniana also serves as a valuable rootstock

in Australia and the southern regions of the United States.

The incidents of his travels were related in a succession of books. He died in London in 1880, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

Legacy

Fortune is credited with the introduction of a large number of plants, shrubs, and trees to Europe from China.^[6]

Plants named after Robert Fortune

• Arundinaria fortunei
• Berberis fortunei
• Cephalotaxus fortunei
• Cyrtomium fortunei
• Euonymus fortunei
• Hosta fortunei
• Keteleeria fortunei
• Osmanthus × fortunei Carrière (O. fragrans × O. heterophyllus)
• Paulownia fortunei
• Pleioblastus fortunei
• Rhododendron fortunei
• Rosa fortuniana
• Saxifraga fortunei Hook.
• Trachycarpus fortunei (has synonym Chamaerops fortunei)

In 1913, botanists

E.H.Wilson named a plant genus from China, with one species, Fortunearia sinensis,^[7] in his honour.^[8]

Publications

• Three Years' Wandering in the Northern Provinces of China, A Visit to the Tea, Silk, and Cotton Countries, with an account of the Agriculture and Horticulture of the Chinese, New Plants, etc. (1847, John Murray)
• A Journey To The Tea Countries Of China; Including Sung-Lo And The Bohea Hills; With A Short Notice Of The East India Company's Tea Plantations In The Himalaya Mountains. (1852, John Murray)
• Two visits to the tea countries of China and the British tea plantations in the Himalaya: with a narrative of adventures, and a full description of the culture of the tea plant, the agriculture, horticulture, and botany of China (1853, John Murray; LCCN 04-32957; National Library: CAT10983833)
• A Residence Among the Chinese; Inland, On the Coast and at Sea; being a Narrative of Scenes and Adventures During a Third Visit to China from 1853 to 1856, including Notices of Many Natural Productions and Works of Art, the Culture of Silk, &c. (1857, John Murray)
• Yedo and Peking; A Narrative of a Journey to the Capitals of Japan and China, with Notices of the Natural Productions, Agriculture, Horticulture and Trade of those Countries and Other Things Met with By the Way (1863, John Murray)

Biographies

• For All the Tea in China: How England Stole the World's Favorite Drink and Changed History. By
  ISBN 0670021520
• Robert Fortune, A Plant Hunter in the Orient. By Alistair Watt. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 2017.
  ISBN 1842466194 (distributed by the University of Chicago Press
  )

The standard author abbreviation Fortune is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.^[9]

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fortune, Robert". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fortune, Robert" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2. ^ "Ten Things…You Never Knew About The Scottish." Britain 79.5 (2011): 98. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Nov. 2012.
3. ^ Boulger, George Simonds (1889). "Fortune, Robert" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. pp. 50–51.
4. ^ Fan, Fa-ti (2004), British Naturalists in Qing China: Science, Empire, and Cultural Encounter, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 82–3,
   ISBN 0-674-01143-0. 2009 pbk edition
5. ^ Cox, EM (1945), Plant-hunting in China: A History of Botanical Exploration in China and the Tibetan Marches, London: Scientific Book Guild, p. 89.
6. ^ Bretschneider, Emil (1935), History of European botanical discoveries in China, Leipzig: KF Koehlers antiquarium.
7. ^ "Fortunearia sinensis Rehder & E.H.Wilson | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
8. ISBN 978-0-8493-2676-9
   .
9. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Fortune.

External links

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Robert Fortune

Wikispecies has information related to Robert Fortune.

• Plant Explorers: Robert Fortune (1812-80)
• Dreijährige Wanderungen in den Nord-Provinzen von China (German)
• "Dwarf Trees" from Robert Fortune's Books
• Works by Robert Fortune at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)