Rubus spectabilis

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Salmonberry" redirects here. For other uses, see Salmonberry (disambiguation).

Salmonberry
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rubus
Species:
R. spectabilis
Binomial name
Rubus spectabilis
Pursh 1813 not E.James 1825 nor Mercier 1861[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Parmena spectabilis (Pursh) Greene
  • Rubus franciscanus Rydb.
  • Rubus spectabilis var. franciscanus (Rydb.) J.T.Howell
  • Rubus spectabilis var. menziesii (Hook.) S.Watson
  • Rubus stenopetalus Cham.

Rubus spectabilis, the salmonberry, is a species of

raspberries
in appearance.

Description

Rubus spectabilis is a

doubly serrate.[8][9] The leaves are also stipulate and are smooth to slightly hairy on the top surface, compared to the underside, which are typically more pale and hairy.[9] In late fall and winter months, salmonberry leaves will fall, and the plant remains dormant or maintains minimal shoot elongation during the winter.[10]

The flowers are 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) in diameter, with a calyx of five hairy sepals and five pinkish-purple petals that surround a cluster of stamens; they are produced between April and July, either singly or in clusters of 2 or 3. The flowers are perfect (bisexual), containing 75–100 stamens and many individual pistils with superior ovaries.[8][9] While fruit production is largely dependent on the environment, there is an estimated growth of 30 fruits per 3m^2 (32 ft^2) and 17-65 seeds per fruit.[11] Salmonberry sprout mainly from the buds found on rhizomes, stumps, and root crowns of the plant. The flowers cannot self-pollinate and are instead pollinated by insects, hummingbirds, and beetles.[10]

Salmonberries ripen approximately 30–36 days after pollination, from early May to late July in most of the

selective pressure to determine color morph distribution alone; factors such as soil type (which affects germination), along with other unstudied factors are more likely responsible for the color polymorphism.[13][14][15]

A similar species from Japan, the red-flowered raspberry (ベニバナイチゴ) was once considered a subspecies as R. spectabilis subsp. vernus. It is now reclassified as R. vernus.[16]

Distribution and habitat

Salmonberries are typically found in coastal areas with

Oplopanax horridus), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), and threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata).[9]

Ecology

In the wild, the fruit are typically eaten by birds, bears, and small mammals, among others, while the leaves, twigs, and stems are grazed on by herbivores such as deer, moose, mountain goats, elk, and rabbits.[8][7] Populations of dense thicket growth can provide escape habitats for small animals, as well as nesting sites for birds.[7]

In the spring, salmonberry flowering coincides with the migration of certain species of hummingbirds, which is crucial for its pollination.[18] Birds and mammals also help with dispersion of seeds through their feces, while rodents and other burrowing animals may further help with dispersion. Some notable mammals crucial for the dispersion of seeds are the grizzly and American black bears, which can deposit 50,000 to 100,000 seeds in one pile of feces.[14]

Salmonberry have several traits that make it highly resistant to fire. Rhizomes and root crowns below the soil surface usually survive, even if top stems are burned. Depending on burial depth, seeds also often remain unharmed. Additionally, the plant tend to quickly sprout after fires, allowing for rapid growth and regeneration.[19]

Salmonberries are susceptible to many diseases, including mildew, fruit rot, rust, root rot, and viral and bacterial diseases. Their fruits, foliage, canes, roots, and crowns may also be damaged by pests such as beetles, aphids, mites, moths, among others.[20]

Uses

Salmonberries are edible.[21][13] The fruit has been referred to as "insipid",[22] but depending on ripeness and site, they are good eaten raw – whether red or golden[13] – and when processed into jam, candy, jelly and wine. Native American people ate the young shoots or used it as a medicinal plant. The shoots were harvested during April to early June before they turned woody or tough, and were peeled, then steamed, boiled, or pit-cooked, and eaten (or less commonly, eaten raw).[7][23] Traditionally, the berries and sprouts were also eaten with salmon or mixed with oolichan grease or salmon roe. They were not dried because of their high moisture content.[7][22] It is still used as a food source and medicinal plant in regions of Alaska today.

Other uses by Native Americans include:[7]

  • Boiling the leaves with fish as a flavoring (by the
    Nuu-chah-nulth people
    )
  • Using the leaves to line baskets, wipe fish, and cover cooking pits (by the
    Kaigani Haida
    people)
  • Using the branches as a
    Makah people
    )
  • Chewing and spitting the leaves (or bark in the winter) onto a burn as a treatment due to their astringent qualities (by the
    Quileute people
    )
  • Boiling the bark in seawater to create a brew to clean infected wounds (especially burns) as well as reduce labor pains (by the Quinault people)

It is also widely grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers,[13][24][25] with a double-flowered clone identified in Washington and British Columbia.[26] R. spectabilis has escaped cultivation and become naturalized in parts of northwestern Europe, including Great Britain, Ireland and the Faroe Islands.[27][28]

Culture

The salmonberry is important to multiple indigenous people of America in its native range. The

Straits Salish people. The presence of Elasmostethus cruciatus, called the salmonberry bug, is also seen as an indicator to Northwest Coast indigenous peoples that salmonberry shoots are ready to harvest.[31]

References

  1. ^ a b "Rubus spectabilis Mercier — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  2. ^ "Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map".
  3. ^ "Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map".
  4. ^ Calflora taxon report, University of California, Rubus spectabilis Pursh, salmon berry, salmonberry
  5. ^ "Salmon Berry, Rubus spectabilis". calscape.org. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  6. JSTOR 2937201
    .
  7. ^ a b c d e f "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-394-73127-8
    .
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Plants of British Columbia: Rubus spectabilis". Linnet.geog.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  10. ^ a b "Rubus spectabilis". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
  11. S2CID 239272713
  12. ^ "Jepson Flora: Rubus spectabilis". Ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  13. ^ a b c d Mosquin, Daniel (23 May 2015). "Rubus spectabilis". University of British Columbia Botanical Garden. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  14. ^
    S2CID 41661194
    .
  15. S2CID 87682589
    .
  16. ^ Naruhashi, Naruhito (June 15, 1980). "Rubus vernus FOCKE and R. spectabilis PURSH". The Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy (The Journal of Geobotany). 28: 13 – via ISSN 0388-6212.
  17. ^ "Rubus spectabilis". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
  18. ISSN 0008-4026
    .
  19. ISSN 0008-4220
    .
  20. JSTOR 3760307
    .
  21. OCLC 1073035766
    .
  22. ^
    ISBN 978-1-55105-530-5
    .
  23. ^ Lyons, C. P. (1956). Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 88.
  24. ^ Mulligan, Brian O. (1977). Woody Plants in the University of Washington Arboretum, Washington Park. University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle.
  25. ^ Mulligan, Brian O. (1963). Accession records of the University of Washington Arboretum
  26. ^ Mosquin, Daniel (23 April 2007). "Rubus spectabilis Double-Flowered Group". University of British Columbia Botanical Garden. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  27. ^ Inland Fisheries Ireland. "Risk Assessment of Rubus spectabilis" (PDF). nonnativespecies.ie. National Biodiversity Data Centre. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  28. ^ Højgaard, A. et al., eds. (1989). A century of tree-planting in the Faroe Islands. Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn.
  29. ^ "Rubus spectabilis". Mount Pisgah Arboretum. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  30. ^ a b Joseph, Leigh (24 April 2017). "The Gifts of Yetwánaý (Salmon Berry)". Leigh Joseph (Styawat), Ethnobotanist. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  31. PMID 36398276
    .

External links

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