Rubus
Rubus Temporal range:
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Rubus bush with ripe and unripe blackberries | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Rosaceae |
Subfamily: | Rosoideae |
Tribe: | Rubeae |
Genus: | Rubus L.[1] |
Type species | |
Rubus fruticosus L.[2]
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Synonyms[3] | |
List
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Rubus is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, with over 1,350 species, commonly known as brambles.[3][4][5]
Description
Bramble bushes typically grow as
Around 60-70% of species of Rubus are
Taxonomy
Modern classification
Rubus is very complex, particularly within the
Some treatments have recognized dozens of species each for what other, comparably qualified botanists have considered single, more variable species. On the other hand, species in the other Rubus subgenera (such as the
The classification presented below recognizes 13 subgenera within Rubus, with the largest subgenus (Rubus) in turn divided into 12
Phylogeny
The genus has a likely North American origin,
Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following morphological data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.[17]
Species
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rubus_caesius_fruit_-_Keila.jpg/220px-Rubus_caesius_fruit_-_Keila.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rubus_arcticus3.jpg/220px-Rubus_arcticus3.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rubus_saxatilis02.jpg/220px-Rubus_saxatilis02.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rubus_ellipticus_obcordatus_3.jpg/220px-Rubus_ellipticus_obcordatus_3.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aculi.jpg/220px-Aculi.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rubus_chamaemorus_fruit.jpg/220px-Rubus_chamaemorus_fruit.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Brombeerlaub.jpg/220px-Brombeerlaub.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Thimbleberry_flower_%28Rubus_parviflorus%29.jpg/220px-Thimbleberry_flower_%28Rubus_parviflorus%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Blackberry_flower_01.jpg/220px-Blackberry_flower_01.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bj%C3%B6rnb%C3%A4r.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rnb%C3%A4r.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starr_030419-0035_Rubus_hawaiensis.jpg/220px-Starr_030419-0035_Rubus_hawaiensis.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Raspberries_%2840971%29.jpg/220px-Raspberries_%2840971%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanische_Weinbeere.jpg/220px-Japanische_Weinbeere.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Rubus_hirsutus2.jpg/220px-Rubus_hirsutus2.jpg)
Better-known species of Rubus include:
- Rubus aboriginum – garden dewberry
- Rubus allegheniensis – Allegheny blackberry
- Rubus arcticus – Arctic raspberry
- Rubus argutus
- Rubus armeniacus – Himalayan blackberry
- Rubus caesius – European dewberry
- Rubus canadensis – smooth blackberry
- Rubus chamaemorus – cloudberry
- Rubus cockburnianus
- Rubus coreanus – bokbunja
- Rubus crataegifolius
- Rubus deliciosus
- Rubus domingensis
- Rubus ellipticus
- Rubus flagellaris – northern dewberry
- Rubus fraxinifolius – mountain raspberry
- Rubus glaucus
- Rubus hawaiensis
- Rubus hayata-koidzumii
- Rubus hispidus– swamp dewberry
- Rubus idaeus – red raspberry
- Rubus illecebrosus
- Rubus laciniatus – cut-leaved blackberry
- Rubus leucodermis – whitebark raspberry
- Rubus moluccanus
- Rubus nepalensis
- Rubus nivalis – snow raspberry
- Rubus niveus
- Rubus occidentalis – black raspberry
- Rubus odoratus – purple-flowered raspberry
- Rubus parviflorus – thimbleberry
- Rubus pedatus
- Rubus pensilvanicus – Pennsylvania blackberry
- Rubus phoenicolasius – wineberry
- Rubus probus
- Rubus pubescens – dwarf raspberry
- Rubus rosifolius
- Rubus saxatilis – stone bramble
- Rubus spectabilis – salmonberry
- Rubus tricolor
- Rubus trivialis – Southern dewberry
- Rubus ulmifolius – elm-leaved blackberry
- Rubus ursinus – trailing blackberry
- Rubus vestitus – European blackberry
A more complete subdivision is as follows:
Hybrid berries
The term "hybrid berry" is often used collectively for those fruits in the genus Rubus which have been developed mainly in the U.S. and U.K. in the last 130 years. As Rubus species readily interbreed and are
The hybrid berries include:-[20]
- loganberry (California, U.S., 1883) R. × loganobaccus, a spontaneous hybrid between R. ursinus 'Aughinbaugh' and R. idaeus 'Red Antwerp'
- boysenberry (U.S., 1920s) a hybrid between R. idaeus and R. × loganobaccus
- nectarberry Suspected variant of boysenberry, a hybrid between R. idaeus and R. × loganobaccus
- olallieberry (U.S., 1930s) a hybrid between the loganberry and youngberry, themselves both hybrid berries
- veitchberry (Europe, 1930s) a hybrid between R. fruticosus and R. idaeus
- skellyberry (Texas, U.S., 2000s), a hybrid between R. invisus and R. phoenicolasius
- marionberry (1956) now thought to be a blackberry cultivar R. 'Marion'
- silvanberry, R. 'Silvan', a hybrid between R. 'Marion' and the boysenberry
- tayberry (Dundee, Scotland, 1979), another blackberry/raspberry hybrid
- tummelberry, R. 'Tummel', from the same Scottish breeding programme as the tayberry
- hildaberry (1980s), a tayberry/boysenberry hybrid discovered by an amateur grower
- youngberry, a complex hybrid of raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries
Etymology
The generic name means blackberry in Latin and was derived from the word ruber, meaning "red".[21]
The blackberries, as well as various other Rubus species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called
See also
- Mulberry, an unrelated deciduous tree with similar looking fruit
References
- ^ "Rubus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ "Rubus L.". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ a b "Rubus L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
- ^ Brouillet, Luc (2014). "Rosaceae (subfam. Rosoideae) tribe Rubeae". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 9. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b "the definition of bramble". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
- ISBN 978-1-84533-434-5.
- ^ a b c "Rubus - Trees and Shrubs Online". www.treesandshrubsonline.org. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ^ "Brambles and other woody weeds /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2024-05-24. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
- ^ a b c "Bramble or blackberry | Woodlands.co.uk". www.woodlands.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
- ^ "Blackberry Planting, Spacing, and Trellising". Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ^ "Rubus all species | GDR". www.rosaceae.org. Archived from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ^ "Small genomes in tetraploid Rubus L. (Rosaceae) from New Zealand and southern South America". www.ars.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ^ PMID 31921259.
- ISBN 978-0-8137-2435-5, archivedfrom the original on 2024-05-24, retrieved 2021-09-23
- ^ Acta Palaeobotanica – 43(1): 9-49, January 2003 – Early Miocene carpological material from the Czech part of the Zittau Basin – Vasilis Teodoridis
- ^ Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
- PMID 21680348.
- ^ National Collection of Rubus Species, Houghton, England, United Kingdom Archived 2017-09-12 at the Wayback Machine www.rubusspecies.com
- ^ "Plant Heritage – National Collections Scheme, UK Garden Plants". nccpg.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ Ardle, John (July 2013). "Hybris vigour". The Garden.
- ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3. Archivedfrom the original on 2024-05-24. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
Data related to Rubus at Wikispecies
- Rubus at the Western Kentucky University