Ruthenian nobility
The Ruthenian nobility (
The Ruthenian nobility, originally characterized as
Eventually, following the
Despite
Some of the major Ruthenian noble families (all of which became polonized to a significant extent) included the Czartoryski, Sanguszko, Sapieha, Wiśniowiecki, Zasławski, Zbaraski and the Ostrogski family.[4]
History
The Ruthenian nobility were usually of Eastern Slavic origin from incorporated lands of principalities of the former
.Much of the upper class of the Grand Duchy called themselves Lithuanians (Litvin), yet spoke the Ruthenian language (also referred to as Old Ruthenian language).[18][19] Some of the Lithuanian nobility was Ruthenianized.[20] The adapted Old Church Slavonic and later the Ruthenian language, acquired a status of a main chancery language in the local matters and relations with other Orthodox principalities as lingua franca, and Latin was used in relations with Western Europe.[21]
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According to the Belarusian historian
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
After Union of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland into
The Polish influence in the regions started from the 1569
In the climate of the
Until the 16th century the Ruthenian language was used by most of the szlachta of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including the Grand Dukes and including the region of Samogitia, both in formal affairs and in private.[22] By the end of the 16th century under a number of circumstances like Union of Brest, following the prohibition of the Orthodox church, increasing number Jesuit Schools, which became one of the main places for szlachta to get education etc. Polish language became more actively used, especially by Magnates while minor szlachta remained Old Ruthenian-speaking.
Since that time the Ruthenian szlachta actively adopted Polish noble customs and traditions, such as Sarmatism. However, despite that, the nobility stayed politically loyal to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and defended it autonomy in disputes with the Polish crown within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[20]
Ruthenian nobility in the 17th century
-
Krzysztof Zbaraski -
Dmytro Vyshnevetsky -
Kostiantyn Korniakt
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Cossack Hetmanate
Following the Pereyaslav Council, the rule of Cossack Hetmanate was established in Left-bank Ukraine. The ruling class in the state became Cossacks. Despite the fact that a large number Cossacks didn't have official (granted or confirmed by
-
Ivan Mazepa -
Semen Sulyma -
Hryhoriy Hamaliya
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Russian Empire
Ruthenian nobility of modern Ukraine in Russian Empire
Ever since the end of the 16th-century Ruthenian nobility moved to Russia because in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth they were suppressed by the Catholic Polish szlachta and were unable because of that reach high social and political status. After
-
Kyrylo Rozumovsky -
-
-
By the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the Hetmanate state despite the Pereyaslav Treaty was abolished by
Similarly Ruthenian nobility had been incorporated in Polish nobility, high nobility of Ruthenian and Cossack descent more and more associated themselves with the Russian nation, rather than Rusyn (Ruthenian, Cossack, Ukrainian) nation. Because most of the education was primarily taught in Russian and French, and soon Ruthenian nobility started speaking Russian instead of the Rusyn language. Through intermarriages and service, the Ruthenian nobility became a large donor for Russian nation. People like
cultural, scientific and political life.Ruthenian nobility of modern Belarus in Russian Empire
In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Belarusian szlachta were active participants of anti-Russian uprisings on the territory of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
By the 19th century polonization of the szlachta on one hand and russification and violent introduction of Russian Orthodoxy to the peasantry, on the other hand, led to a situation where the social barrier between aristocracy and peasantry on Belarusian lands became in many aspects an ethnic barrier.[28] In the 19th century, local intellectuals of peasant origin and some szlachta people like Francišak Bahuševič and Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich contributed to Belarusian nationalism.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Belarusian nobility has been primarily politically active in the
After the October Revolution, the Belarusian nobility was severely hit by Bolshevist terror. Eastern Belorussia faced Soviet terror already since the early 1920s, while most noble people living in Western Belorussia were repressed only upon the territory's annexation by the USSR in 1939. Belarusian historians speak of a genocide of the Belarusian gentry carried out by the Bolsheviks.[22]
However, by the beginning of the 20th century, many minor nobles in Belarus were hardly distinguishable from usual peasants, only the top aristocracy faced repressions because of their noble origin.
Austrian Empire
Ruthenian nobility today
Upon Belarus regaining independence in 1991, remaining descendants of noble families in Belarus have formed certain organizations, particularly the Union of Belarusian Noble People (Згуртаванне беларускай шляхты). There is, however, a split between the noble people identifying themselves rather with the Polish-Lithuanian szlachta and the Russian
Naming
Initially, the Ruthenian noble people were called
After passing of the Horodło privileges along with the word bajary the term bajary-szlachta (баяры-шляхта) or simply szlachta (шляхта) was used in documentation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that was predominantly written in Ruthenian. In the 15th and 16th centuries nobility in Polesia or Podlacha was also often called ziamianie (зямяне). Since the second quarter of the 16th century the word szlachta (шляхта) became the dominant Belarusian term for noble people.
Religion
By the 14th century the majority of the Belarusian nobility, both Baltic and Ruthenian, were
In the 16th century a large part of Belarusian nobility, both Catholic and Orthodox, converted to
Heraldry
Belarusian aristocrats had their family symbols already in the 14th century. One of the privileges introduced to the gentry by the
There are about 5 thousand coats of arms of Polish, Belarusian, Lithuanian and Ukrainian szlachta.
Notable Ruthenian noble families
See also
- Boyars
- Polish-Lithuanian (adjective)
References
- ^ a b c Stone 2001, p. 12-13.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8133-3792-0. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4426-1021-7. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ^ a b c Stone 2001, p. 45-46.
- ISBN 978-3-11-017654-4. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-295-95358-8. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-521-57697-0. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ^ Stone 2001, p. 25.
- ^ Stone 2001, p. 225.
- ISBN 978-3-525-31041-0. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
- ^ Hrushevsky, Mikhailov. Українська шляхта в Галичині на переломі XVI і XVII в. [Ukrainian nobility in Galicia at the turn of the XVI and XVII centuries] (in Ukrainian).
- ^ Lypynsky, Vyacheslav (1920). УКРАЇНА НА ПЕРЕЛОМІ. 1657—1659 [Ukraine at the break of 1657-1659] (PDF). Vienna.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Pavlishin, Oleg. Дилема ідентичності, або історія про те, як "латинники" (не) стали українцями/поляками (Галичина, середина XIX – перша половина XX ст.) [The dilemma of identity, or the story of how "Latins" (did not) become Ukrainians / Poles (Galicia, mid-19th - first half of 20th century.)] (PDF) (in Ukrainian).
- ^ Slivka, Liusov. ПОЛЬОВІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕТНОСОЦІАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ДРІбНОЇ ШЛЯХТИ ГАЛИЧИНИ ВПРОДОВЖ ХІХ – НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ [Field Research of Ethno-social development of the small nobility of Galicia during the XIX - early XX century] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Ivano-Frankivsk.
- ^ Tomaszewski, Patryk. "Zarys działalności Związku Szlachty Zagrodowej w latach 1938-1939". konserwatyzm.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
- Kievskaya starina(in Russian): 260–277.
- ^ Tymoshenko, V. (2009). "У лещатах двоглавого орла (Овруцька околична шляхта ХІХ – на початок ХХ ст.)" [In the vices of a double-headed eagle (Gentry of the surroundings of Ovruch of the XIX - early XX centuries)]. Українознавство (in Ukrainian). 2. Kyiv: 55–59.
- ISBN 0-521-55917-0.
- ISBN 0-521-86403-8.
- ^ a b c "Ukraine: Lithuanian and Polish rule". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Within the grand duchy the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belarusian) lands initially retained considerable autonomy. The pagan Lithuanians themselves were increasingly converting to Orthodoxy and assimilating into Ruthenian culture. The grand duchy's administrative practices and legal system drew heavily on Slavic customs, and an official Ruthenian state language (also known as Rusyn) developed over time from the language used in Rus.
Direct Polish rule in Ukraine in the 1340s and for two centuries thereafter was limited to Galicia. There, changes in such areas as administration, law, and land tenure proceeded more rapidly than in Ukrainian territories under Lithuania. However, Lithuania itself was soon drawn into the orbit of Poland following the dynastic linkage of the two states in 1385/86 and the baptism of the Lithuanians into the Latin (Roman Catholic) church. The spread of Catholicism among the Lithuanians and the attendant diffusion of the Polish language, culture, and notions of political and social order among the Lithuanian nobility eroded the position of the Orthodox Ruthenians, as had happened earlier in Galicia. - ^ Zinkevičius, Zigmas (1993). "Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės kanceliarinės slavų kalbos termino nusakymo problema" [The problem of defining the term of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy's Chancellery Slavic language] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius. Archived from the original on 2004-07-02.
- ^ a b c d Hrytskievich, Anatol (1 November 1992). "Беларуская шляхта" [Belarusian nobility] (in Belarusian). Archived from the original on 2003-11-19.
- ISBN 5-325-00425-5, v.I, Section: "Ukraine under Poland"
- ^ Natalia Iakovenko, Narys istorii Ukrainy s zaidavnishyh chasic do kincia XVIII stolittia, Kyiv, 1997, Section: 'Ukraine-Rus, the "odd man out" in Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow
- ^ Polonska-Vasylenko, Section: Evolution of Ukrainian lands in the 15th and 16th centuries
- ^ "Transferred as a result of the Union of Lublin from the grand duchy of Lithuania to the more ethnically homogeneous Crown, Ukraine was “colonized” by both Polish and Ukrainian great nobles. Most of the latter gradually abandoned Orthodoxy to become Roman Catholic and Polish. These 'little kings' of Ukraine controlled hundreds of thousands of 'subjects'" from Wladyslaw IV Vasa in "Poland, history of". (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 3, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: [1]
- ^ Wandycz 1980, p. 16.
- ^ "Arche - Літва як мэта беларускага нацыянальнага адраджэньня". arche.by. Archived from the original on 2009-07-17.
- ^ "Скаржинські".
Sources
- Stone, D.Z. (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State: 1386-1795. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5.
- Wandycz, Piotr S. (1980). United States and Poland. Harvard University Press.