Sabino Arana
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Basque. (February 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Sabino Arana | |
---|---|
Born | Sabino Policarpo Arana Goiri 26 January 1865 Abando, Biscay, Spain |
Died | 25 November 1903 Sukarrieta, Biscay, Spain | (aged 38)
Pen name | Arana ta Goiri'taŕ Sabin |
Occupation | Writer |
Nationality | Spanish |
Spouse | Nicolasa de Achica-Allende Iturri (1900–1903; his death) |
Relatives | Luis Arana (brother) |
Sabino Policarpo Arana Goiri (in Spanish), Sabin Polikarpo Arana Goiri (in Basque), or Arana ta Goiri'taŕ Sabin (self-styled) (26 January 1865 – 25 November 1903), was a Spanish writer and the founder of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV). Arana is considered the father of Basque nationalism.
He died in Sukarrieta at the age of 38 after falling ill with Addison's disease during time spent in prison. He had been charged with treason for attempting to send a telegram to President Theodore Roosevelt, in which he praised the United States for helping Cuba gain independence from Spain.
Background
One of the consequences of the
Arana was born in a jauntxo ("petty noble") family from Abando, a neighbourhood that had been recently incorporated into the city of Bilbao as the new extension for the growth of the industrial era. Abando was a Basque speaking town, but following the attitudes of the elites in the area of Bilbao during this period, Basque was not transmitted to Arana's siblings within the family. Abando and its port were at the centre of the Zamacolada uprising against attempts by the Spanish premier Manuel Godoy to recruit Basques for the Spanish army (1804), a contrafuero or breach of basic Basque legislation.
In the aftermath of the
Basque language proponent
He was an early proponent of the use of the Basque language in all areas of society to avoid its increasing marginalization in the face of Spanish language penetration, which was imposed as mandatory in schooling, administration and even cultural events such as theater.
Arana learned the language as a young man, and competed for a position as a Basque language professor at the Instituto de Bilbao, contending against Miguel de Unamuno and the winner, Resurrección María de Azkue who also became a scholar of the language. Arana attempted to establish a codified orthography[3] and grammar for the Basque language, and proposed several neologisms to replace loanwords of Spanish origin.
Some of these innovations, like the characters
Ideology
His first published work was Bizkaya por su independencia ("Biscay for its independence"), where he calls for the independence of the Biscay district from Castile-Spain ("as it was before 1200"), echoing like proposals put forward by
The document is a collection of historical events, mythical stories and sometimes inaccurate accounts of earlier battles of the ancient people of Biscay. Just as others nationalist ideologies were doing during the period, e.g. Spanish nationalism, Arana's historic accounts distorted and magnified events from Basque history.[4]
Distancing himself from the pro-fueros advocates, Arana refused to demand a reversal of the fueros suppressed in May 1876, instead putting an emphasis on the full restoration of home rule suppressed in 1839. He considered the 1839 Spanish law 'upholding' home rule as the act putting an end to the Basque own sources of authority and 'secular Basque independence', as well as a violation of international law.[5]
In 1894, he founded the first
He is considered by many Basques to be a
Sabino Arana created am ideology centered on the purity of the Basque race and its alleged moral supremacy over others (a derivation of the system of
He was disturbed by the migration into
"It is necessary to isolate ourselves from the maketos. Otherwise, in this land we walk on, it is not possible to work toward the Glory of God." Bizkaitarra, No. 19
He was a prolific writer, with over 600 journalism articles, most of them with a propaganda purpose. He liked to shock and provoke, in order to get attention from a society that he deemed unaware of its fate. There are two key aspects of Sabino Arana's political persona:
- He was not a conventional conservative; he strongly opposed slavery (legal in Spanish-held Cuba until ten years before its independence) and defended the right of South African Zulusto their land.
- He was an indefatigable worker, taking action in many areas; he learned the Basque language as an adult, undertook a number of activities to promote the Basque language and culture, created a political movement, and inventing the symbols (Basque Autonomous Community.
Another essential part of his ideology was devout Catholicism. He considered this to be an essential part of the Basque identity that contrasted with the secularism imported from other parts of Spain and abroad along with new means of production and labour, often unprecedented internal migration. However, his Basque nationalism kept him away from Carlism that was the dominant ultra-Catholic and conservative movement in the area and the ideology of his father.
Arana and his Basque nationalist movement were persecuted for their ideas against Spanish imperialism, for which he was convicted when he submitted a telegram to Theodore Roosevelt to congratulate him for his assistance in 'liberating' Cuba in 1902, and put to harsh time in prison, which ruined his health and would die soon after.[7] Ahead of his demise, a baffling manifesto attributed to him was released by which he relinquished the core of his ideas to everyone's surprise. The nature of this document establishing the Liga de Vascos Españolistas ('League of the Spanish-minded Basques') is still subject to debate as to whether he had sincerely changed his views or whether he was instead merely trying to improve the conditions of his imprisonment. Arana's death left the question unanswered and neither his brother Luis nor the party followed through with his proposal.
Legacy
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2018) |
Sabino Arana's ideas are considered to have spawned the Basque nationalist movement.
In 2015, a made-for-television movie called Sabin was released.[8] In February 2017 the People's Party of the Basque Country called for a street named after Arana to be renamed because he “made possible the existence of phenomena such as the ETA terrorist group”.[9] The
The estate of his Abando home is now Sabin-Etxea ("Sabino-House"), the EAJ-PNV headquarters.
Jon Juaristi has remarked that perhaps the most influential part of his heritage is the neologistic list of Basque versions of names in his Deun-Ixendegi Euzkotarra ("Basque saint-name collection", published in 1910). Instead of the traditional adaptations of Romance names, he proposed others he made up and that in his opinion were truer to the originals and adapted to the Basque phonology.
For example, his brother Luis became Koldobika, from Frankish Hlodwig. The traditional Peru, Pello or Piarres ("
References
- ISBN 84-85281-52-7. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- ^ It was the origin of the Basque Fatherland Day. José Luis de la Granja Sáinz, however, claims that the revelation was dated on Easter in 1932 after Arana's death, when the EAJ-PNV established the commemoration. José Luis de la Granja Sáinz, Historia y política: Ideas, procesos y movimientos sociales, ISSN 1575-0361, Nº 15, 2006 , pags. 65–116
- ^ Lecciones de ortografía del euskera bizkaino, Arana eta Goiri'tar Sabin, Bilbao, Bizkaya'ren Edestija ta Izkerea Pizkundia, 1896 (Sebastián de Amorrortu).
- ISBN 84-87122-14-0.
- ^ Mina, María Cruz (1990). 316-317. or.
- ^ Hermoso de Mendoza, Javier. "El traje de pamplonica". sasua.net (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-307-36978-9.
- ^ "ETB1 estrena esta noche la tvmovie 'Sabin' sobre Sabino Arana" [ETB1 premieres 'Sabin' television movie about Sabino Arana tonight]. Euskal Irrati Telebista (in Spanish). 26 January 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ^ Hedgecoe, Guy (16 February 2017). "Basque street names fuel debate around historical memory". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
External links
- Sabino Arana in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Entziklopedia.
- Sabino de Arana Goiri (in Spanish), José Luis de la Granja Sainz, Real Academia de la Historia, Diccionario Biográfico electrónico.