Bilbao
Bilbao
Bilbo ( Municipality | ||
---|---|---|
Postal code 48001–48015 | ||
Dialing code | +34 94 | |
Official language(s) | Basque Spanish | |
Website | Official website |
Bilbao
Bilbao is located in the north-central part of Spain, some 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of the Bay of Biscay, where the economic social development is located, where the estuary of Bilbao is formed. Its main urban core is surrounded by two small mountain ranges with an average elevation of 400 metres (1,300 ft).[14] Its climate is shaped by the Bay of Biscay low-pressure systems and mild air, moderating summer temperatures by Iberian standards, with low sunshine and high rainfall. The annual temperature range is low for its latitude.
After its foundation in the late 13th century by Diego López V de Haro, head of the powerful Haro family, Bilbao was one of the commercial hubs of the Basque Country that enjoyed significant importance in the Crown of Castile. This was due to its thriving port activity based on the export of wool and iron commodities extracted from the Biscayan quarries to all over Europe.
Throughout the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, Bilbao experienced heavy industrialisation, making it the center of the second-most industrialised region of Spain, behind
Bilbao is also home to football team Athletic Club, a significant symbol for Basque nationalism[21] due to its promotion of only Basque players and being one of the most successful clubs in Spanish football history.
On 19 May 2010, the city of Bilbao was recognised with the
Name, etymology and symbols
The official name of the town is Bilbao, as known in most languages of the world. Euskaltzaindia, the official regulatory institution of the Basque language, has agreed that between the two possible names existing in Basque, Bilbao and Bilbo, the historical name is Bilbo, while Bilbao is the official name.[26] Although the term Bilbo does not appear in old documents, in the play The Merry Wives of Windsor by William Shakespeare, there is a reference to swords presumably made of Biscayan iron which he calls "bilboes", suggesting that it is a word used since at least the sixteenth century.[27][28][29][30]
There is no consensus among historians about the origin of the name. Generally accepted accounts state that prior to the 12th century the independent rulers of the territory, named Lords of Zubialdea, were also known as Lords of Bilbao la Vieja ("Old Bilbao"). The symbols of their patrimony are the tower and church used in the shield of Bilbao to this day.
Demonym
The demonym is "bilbaíno, -a", although the popular pronunciation bilbaino/a (sic) is also frequent.
The titles, the flag and the coat of arms are Bilbao's traditional symbols and belong to its historic patrimony, being used in formal acts, for the identification and decoration of specific places or for the validation of documents.
Titles
Bilbao holds the historic category of township (villa), with the titles of "Very noble and very loyal and unbeaten" ("Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta"). It was the
Coat of arms
The coat of arms is emblazoned as follows:
In a silver field a bridge with two eyes, added to the church of San Antón of its color and to its sinister two sable wolves walking and in stick, on waves of azure and silver.[41]
Flag
The flag that represents the city is white with a red block, in a ratio of three parts long by two wide. The colors red and white are the historical ones of the villa.
The Royal Order of 30 July 1845 determined the maritime password for the population. This was defined as a white flag with an upper red die next to the pod. The die should be square and the length of its side should equal half of the pod. Previously, at least since 1511, the banner that the Bilbao Consulate was wearing was white with a red Cross of Burgundy. The relationship of the town with the mercantile and marine activities was always very strong coming to share headquarters. In 1603 the new consistorial house is inaugurated and in it the headquarters of the city council and of the referred one Bilbao Consulate are located. The intimate relationship made the flag of the Consulate was related as a flag of the town by citizenship.
The definition of the maritime flag in 1845 was assumed by the population, who accepted it as their own, and so did the city council. At the inauguration of the Bilbao-Miranda de Ebro railway line, it was already used as a symbol of the town's representation, being permanently adopted in 1895 although no resolution has been adopted for this purpose.[42]
Although it has always been assumed by the municipal institution and citizenship, at the beginning of the 20th century it was discussed in a municipal plenary session about the determination of a flag for the town. There was talk about "the use of the crimson color of the Lordship of Biscay, or of the cross of Saint Andrew" but without reaching any resolution to the effect.[43]
History
Prehistory
Remains of an ancient settlement were found on the top of Mount Malmasín, dating from around the 3rd or 2nd century BC.[44][45] Burial sites were also found on mounts Avril and Artxanda, dated 6,000 years old. Some authors identify the old settlement of Bilbao as Amanun Portus, cited by Pliny the Elder, or with Flaviobriga, by Ptolemy.[45]
Medieval Bilbao
Ancient walls, which date from around the 11th century, have been discovered below the
In 1310 María Díaz I de Haro, niece of Diego López V and Lady of Biscay, grants a new municipal charter to the city, which extends its commercial privileges even further, transforming the city in a mandatory stop for all the trade coming from Castile towards the sea. This second charter established that the road from Orduña to Bermeo, at the time the most important trade route in the lordship, had to traverse the San Antón Bridge in Bilbao instead of the pass in Etxebarri, as it did until then. This strengthened the position of Bilbao as a trading post, in detriment of Bermeo, city which until then had acted as the main port of the territory.[48] In addition, Bilbao was granted exclusive rights to all trade between the city and Las Arenas. In 1372, John I of Castile strengthened even more the city's position by naming Bilbao a free port and granting it special privileges concerning the trade of iron.[49] This caused Bilbao to become an important port, particularly due to its trade with Flanders and Great Britain.
In 1443 the
Modern age
On 21 June 1511, Queen
In 1602 Bilbao was made the capital of Biscay, a title previously held by Bermeo.[53] Around 1631, the city was the scenario of a series of revolts against the increased taxation on salt, which had been ordered by the Crown, an event locally known as the "Machinada of the salt". The revolt ended with the execution of several of its leaders.[54] The city had seen a continuous increase of its wealth, especially after the discovery of extensive iron deposits in the surrounding mountains, and by the end of the century it managed to overcome the economic crises that affected the rest of the kingdom, thanks in part to the increased trading of wool (which now used the port of Bilbao instead of the one in Santander), and to the iron ore and its commerce with England and the Netherlands.
Contemporary Bilbao
Napoleonic invasion and Carlist wars
The
The
Despite the warfare, Bilbao prospered during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when it rose as the economic centre of the Basque Country. It was during this time that the railway first arrived to the city and the Bank of Bilbao (which later would go on to become the
Civil war and Francoist dictatorship
The Spanish Civil War in Bilbao started with a number of small uprisings suppressed by the Republican forces. On 31 August 1936, the city suffered its first bombing, with a series of air bombs dropped by Nationalist airplanes. In September, the Nationalists distributed pamphlets threatening further bombing if the city did not give up, which finally took place on 25 September when German planes, in coordination with Francoist forces, dropped at least a hundred bombs on the city.[60] In May 1937, the Nationalist army besieged the town. The battle lasted until 19 June of that year, when Lieutenant Colonel Putz was ordered to destroy all bridges over the estuary, and the troops of the 5th Brigade took the borough from the mountains Malmasin, Pagasarri, and Arnotegi.[61]
With the war over, Bilbao returned to its industrial development, accompanied by steady population growth. In the 1940s, the city was rebuilt, starting with the bridges and by 1948, the first commercial flight took off from the local
Democracy and urban renewal
After the end of
On 26 August 1983 during the celebration of the local festivities known as Aste Nagusia, the estuary overflowed up to five metres in some areas due to the continuous raining, killing two people and causing important destructions in the city's infrastructure, with a total economic cost that reached 60,000 million pesetas (around €360 million)[65]
Since the mid-1990s, Bilbao has been in a process of deindustrialization and transition to a service economy, supported by investment in infrastructure and
Geography
Location
Bilbao is located near the northern edge of the Iberian Peninsula, about 16 kilometres (10 mi) from the Bay of Biscay.[68] It covers an area of 40.65 square kilometres (15.70 sq mi), of which 17.35 square kilometres (6.70 sq mi) are urban and the remaining 23.30 square kilometres (9.00 sq mi) consist of the surrounding mountains.[69] The official average altitude is 19 metres (62 ft), although there are measurements between 6 metres (20 ft) and 32 metres (105 ft).[70] It is also the core of the comarca of Greater Bilbao. It is surrounded by the municipalities of Derio, Etxebarri, Galdakao, Loiu, Sondika, and Zamudio to the north; Arrigorriaga and Basauri to the west; Alonsotegi to the south; and Barakaldo and Erandio to the east.
Bilbao is located on the
Hydrology
The main river system of Bilbao is also the hydrological artery of Biscay. The rivers Nervión and Ibaizabal converge in Basauri and form an estuary named variously "estuary of Bilbao", "of the Nervión", "of the Ibaizabal", or "of the Nervión-Ibaizabal".[73] The estuary runs for 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) and with a low flow (with an average of 25 m3 (883 cu ft) per second).[74] Its main tributary is the river Cadagua, which rises in the Mena valley and has a basin of 642 square kilometres (248 sq mi), mostly lying in the neighboring province of Burgos.[75] This river is also the natural border between Bilbao and Barakaldo.
The river has frequently suffered from human intervention, as seen in the dredging of its bottom, the building of docks on both banks and especially in the Deusto canal, an artificial
The estuary is also a natural border for several neighbourhoods and districts within the borough. Entering the municipality from the west it separates the districts of Begoña and Ibaiondo, then Abando and Uribarri and lastly Deusto and Basurto-Zorroza.
Climate
Its proximity to the Bay of Biscay gives Bilbao an oceanic climate (Cfb), with precipitation occurring throughout the year and without a well-defined dry summer. Precipitation is abundant, and given the latitude and atmospheric dynamics, rainy days represent 45% and cloudy days 40% of the annual total.[82] The rainiest season is between October and April, November being the wettest. Snow is not frequent in Bilbao, although it is possible to see snow on the top of the surrounding mountains. Sleet is more frequent, about 10 days per year, mainly in the winter months.[83] Bilbao is nearest to the subtropical boundary of all the Atlantic coastal cities in the country with an August daily mean of 20.9 °C (69.6 °F).[84] There is also a drying trend in summer with only around 50 millimetres (2.0 in) of rainfall in July[84] – but not dry enough to be considered Mediterranean.
The proximity of the ocean also means that the two best defined seasons (summer and winter) remain mild, with low intensity thermal oscillations. Average maximum temperatures vary between 25 and 26 °C (77.0 and 78.8 °F) in the summer months, while the average minimum in winter is between 6 and 7 °C (42.8 and 44.6 °F).
Extreme record observations in Bilbao are 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) maximum (on 26 July 1947) and −8.6 °C (16.5 °F) minimum (on 3 February 1963). The maximum precipitation in a day was 225.6 mm (9 in) on 26 August 1983 when severe flooding was caused by the Nervión river.[85]
Climate data for Bilbao airport: 1981–2010 normals, 1947-2022 extremes | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
26.8 (80.2) |
29.8 (85.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
41.2 (106.2) |
42.0 (107.6) |
41.9 (107.4) |
41.7 (107.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.7 (58.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) |
5.1 (41.2) |
6.4 (43.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.6 (18.3) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
0.4 (32.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.6 (43.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 120 (4.7) |
86 (3.4) |
90 (3.5) |
107 (4.2) |
78 (3.1) |
60 (2.4) |
50 (2.0) |
76 (3.0) |
73 (2.9) |
111 (4.4) |
147 (5.8) |
122 (4.8) |
1,134 (44.6) |
Average precipitation days | 13 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 124 |
Average snowy days | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 2.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72 | 69 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 72 | 71 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 85 | 97 | 132 | 138 | 169 | 180 | 186 | 179 | 160 | 126 | 88 | 78 | 1,610 |
Source 1: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[86]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: |
Demographics
According to the Basque Statistics Office, the population of Bilbao is 342,397 people as of 2017,[89] distributed on a land area of 40.59 km2 (16 sq mi), making Bilbao the largest city by population of the Basque Autonomous Community and of the Basque Country as a whole. Bilbao makes the main component of the Bilbao metropolitan area, with a population of 1,037,847 people.
The first credible data on the population of Bilbao are post-1550.[90] It is known that in 1530 Biscay had approximately 65,000 inhabitants, a number that could have been reduced by plagues that struck the city in 1517, 1530, 1564–68, and 1597–1601, the last being especially devastating.[90] This trend for periodic reverses in population growth was maintained until the nineteenth century. Since then, Bilbao has experienced an exponential growth in population thanks to industrialisation. After a peak of 433,115 inhabitants in 1982, the municipalities of the Txorierri valley were removed from Bilbao, with the corresponding loss of their population.[91]
Spanish is the most spoken language in the city, followed by the vernacular Basque language. According to the city government of Bilbao, at least 51% of the population can speak "some Basque",[92] while 29% consider themselves to be fluent.[89]
Migration
Nationality | Population (2019) |
---|---|
Colombia | 5,866 |
Bolivia | 4,069 |
Morocco | 3,424 |
Romania | 2,133 |
Venezuela | 2,016 |
China | 1,880 |
Paraguay | 1,877 |
Ecuador | 1,815 |
Algeria | 1,267 |
Brazil | 1,162 |
Peru | 983 |
Out of the 355,731 people residing in Bilbao in 2009, only 114,220 (32.1%) were born inside the municipality. Of the remainder, 114,908 were born in other Biscayan towns, while 9,545 were born in the other two Basque provinces; 85,789 came from the rest of Spain (mainly
Government
The city of Bilbao is the capital of the
Municipal government
Bilbao is a municipality and has a mayor-council government system. The municipal government is elected for four-year terms by universal suffrage and it is divided into two branches, executive and legislative.[96] The legislative side consists of a municipal plenum composed of 29 councillors. These councillors represent the different political parties elected in the local elections, for which can vote all residents registered in the city who are citizens of Spain or of any member state of the European Union. The executive branch is composed of the mayor and a board of governors. The number of members of the board cannot be more than a third the number of members of the legislative plenum and the mayor can appoint them at his or her own discretion.[97]
Since 1892 the seat of the government has been the Bilbao City Hall, located on the centric Ernesto Erkoreka Plaza and by the Estuary of Bilbao. It is the fourth city hall building to have been used since the year 1300. The first three city halls were located by the San Antón Church but were destroyed due to floodings. The current building was designed by the Spanish architect Joaquín Rucoba in Baroque style and was built in the former site of the San Agustín Monastery, which was destroyed during the First Carlist War.[98] Since the Spanish transition to democracy, the city has been governed by the Basque Nationalist Party, often with support of the Socialist Party of the Basque Country. Iñaki Azkuna served as mayor from 1999 until his passing in 2014, when he was replaced by Ibon Areso. Azkuna was awarded the World Mayor prize in 2012.[99] Since the 2019 municipal election, the councillors of the plenum have the following political distribution: 14 seats for the Basque Nationalist Party, 5 seats for the Socialist Party of the Basque Country, 4 seats for the EH Bildu coalition, 3 seats for Udalberri and 3 seats for the People's Party. The mayor is Juan Mari Aburto, chosen with 19 votes from the Basque Nationalist Party and the Socialist party.
In 2008 and 2010, Bilbao won the Municipal Transparency Prize, awarded by the Spanish division of
Districts
The municipality is divided into eight districts (Basque: barrutia) which are further subdivided into 34 neighbourhoods (Basque: auzoa). Most of the districts and neighbourhoods were former independent municipalities and elizates that were eventually annexed into the city. Originally, the city of Bilbao comprised the Old Town and some houses on the left side of the estuary, today known as Bilbao la Vieja. The first expansion included the annexation of the elizate of Begoña and the river side of Uribarri. In the 19th century the merge of Abando into the city brought along small neighbourhoods of farm houses and hamlets that were clustered close to the former municipality's town hall and the Mount Cobetas, such as Errekalde and Basurto.[101] Starting in the 20th century it started annexing the elizates on the right bank of the river, including Begoña and Deusto. In the decade of 1960 as an effort to stop the increasing problem of slums, new neighbourhoods were created from the ground up, among them Otxarkoaga and Txurdinaga, which were joined together as a new district, Otxarkoaga-Txurdinaga in the decade of 1990.[102]
Number | District | Neighbourhoods | Area (km2) |
Population (2009)[103] |
Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Deusto | Arangoiti, Ibarrekolanda, San Ignacio-Elorrieta, and San Pedro de Deusto-La Rivera. | 4.95 | 51,656 | |
2 | Uribarri | Castaños, Matiko-Ciudad Jardín, Uribarri, and Zurbaran-Arabella. | 4.19 | 38,335 | |
3 | Otxarkoaga-Txurdinaga | Otxarkoaga and Txurdinaga. | 3.90 | 28,518 | |
4 | Begoña | Begoña, Bolueta, and Santutxu. | 1.77 | 43,030 | |
5 | Ibaiondo | Bilbao La Vieja, Casco Viejo, Iturralde, La Peña, Miribilla, San Adrián, San Francisco, Solokoetxe, and Zabala .
|
9.65 | 61,029 | |
6 | Abando | Abando and Indautxu. | 2.14 | 51,718 | |
7 | Errekalde | . | 6.96 | 47,787 | |
8 | Basurto-Zorroza | Altamira, Basurto, Olabeaga, Masustegi-Monte Caramelo, and Zorrotza. | 7.09 | 33,658 |
Economy
The Bilbao metropolitan area comprises about 47% of the total population of the
Banking
Banking became an important sector with the establishment of the Bank of Bilbao (Spanish: Banco de Bilbao) in 1857 and the Bank of Biscay (Spanish: Banco de Vizcaya) in 1901. These two entities merged in 1988 creating the BBV, which finally merged with Argentaria bank in 1999, creating the current multinational corporation, the BBVA. The savings banks that were established locally, the Municipal Savings Bank of Bilbao (Spanish: Caja de Ahorros Municipal de Bilbao) in 1907 and the Provincial Savings Bank of Biscay (Spanish: Caja de Ahorros Provincial de Vizcaya) in 1921, would merge in 1990 to form the Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa (BBK),[106] which would merge again in 2012 with other Basque financial entities (Kutxa and Caja Vital Kutxa) to form Kutxabank. There is also the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Navigation of Bilbao and the Stock Exchange Market of Bilbao, founded in 1890.[107]
Port
The historical port was located in what is today an area called the Arenal, a few steps from the old city, until the late 19th century. In 1902, an exterior port was built at the mouth of the estuary, in the coastal municipality of Santurtzi. Further extensions to the outer port, which became called "the super-port", led to the final move of the city portuary facilities in the 1970s, finally replacing the docks in the centre of the city,[108] with the exception of those located in the neighbourhood of Zorrotza, still active.[109]
The port of Bilbao is a first-class commercial port and is among the top five of Spain.[110] Over 200 regular maritime services link Bilbao with 500 ports worldwide. At the close of 2009 cargo movements amounted to 31.6 million tonnes, Russia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries being the main markets.[111] In the first semester of 2008, it received over 67,000 passengers and 2,770 ships.[112] This activity contributed €419 million to the Basque GDP and maintains almost 10,000 jobs.[113]
Mining and ironworks
Iron is the main and most abundant raw material found in Biscay, and its extraction has been legally regulated since 1526. Mining was the main primary activity in Bilbao and the minerals, of great quality, were exported to all over Europe.[114] It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that an ironworks industry was developed, benefiting from the resources and the city's good communication links. In the 20th century, both Spanish and European capitals imported around 90% of the iron from Biscay.[114] Although World War I made Bilbao one of the main ironworks powers, a subsequent crisis prompted a decline in the activity.
Tourism
The first notion of Bilbao as a tourist destination came with the inauguration of the railway between Bilbao and the coastal neighbourhood of Las Arenas, in the municipality of Getxo in 1872. The connection made Bilbao a minor beach destination.[115]
The real tourist surge though would come much later with the inauguration of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in 1997. Thereafter tourist arrivals registered a continued upward trend, reaching over 932,000 visitors in 2018.[116] The trend was exponential considering that in 1995, Bilbao only counted 25,000 tourists.[117] Bilbao also hosts 31% of the total Basque Country visitors, being the top destination of this autonomous community, outranking San Sebastián.[117] The majority of tourists are domestic visitors, coming from Madrid and Catalonia. International travellers are predominantly French, crossing the border just to the east. The others arrive from the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy.[117] Tourism generates about €300 million yearly for the Biscayan GDP.[117] Bilbao also draws business tourism, having been equipped with facilities like the Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall, and the Bilbao Exhibition Centre, in nearby Barakaldo.[118]
Stock exchange
Plans to create a stock exchange market in Bilbao began in the early 19th century, even though it would not be realized until 21 July 1890.[107] Bilbao's institution is one of the country's four regional stock exchanges, joining Barcelona, Madrid, and Valencia as Spain's commercial centres. It is owned by Bolsas y Mercados Españoles.
Cityscape
Urban planning
In its beginnings, Bilbao only had three streets (Somera, Artecalle, and Tendería) surrounded by walls located where Ronda street now stands. Inside this enclosure, there was a small
In 1861, engineer Amado Lázaro projected an ensanche inside the then-municipality of Abando with wide avenues and regular buildings, that included the hygienists ideas of the time. The project was mostly based on Barcelona's Eixample, designed by Ildefons Cerdà.[121] However, the project was dropped by the Bilbao City Council after considering it "utopian and excessive" because of its high cost, though of great quality. Furthermore, Lázaro had calculated the demographic growth of the town was based on the previous three centuries, a provision that eventually would not conform to reality.[121][122]
The next large urban change in Bilbao would come in 1876, when the capital
By 1925, the municipalities of Deusto and Begoña, as well as part of Erandio were annexed, and in 1940, the remaining part of Erandio became part of Bilbao. The last annexation took place in 1966, with the municipalities of Loiu, Sondika, Derio, and Zamudio. This made Bilbao larger than ever, with 107 km2 (41 sq mi). However, all these municipalities, with the exception of Deusto and Begoña regained their independence on 1 January 1983.[123]
On 18 May 2010, the government of Singapore awarded Bilbao the
Architecture
Bilbao's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from
Seventeen bridges span the banks of the estuary inside the town's boundaries. Among the most interesting ones are the
(architect and engineer) together with his brother Silvestre.Since the deindustrialization process started in the 1990s, many of the former industrial areas are being transformed into modern public and private spaces designed by several of the world's most renowned architects and artists. The main example is the
Parks and gardens
As of 2010[update], Bilbao has 18
The Doña Casilda Iturrizar Park is located in the district of Abando, near the town centre and covers an area of 8.5 ha (21 acres). It is named after a local benefactress who donated the grounds to the borough. It is an English-style garden designed by Ricardo Bastida and opened to the public in 1907. It features a dancing water fountain surrounded by a pergola, and a pond with many species of ducks, geese and swans, which gives the park the alternate name of "Ducks' Park", as known locally. In recent years, it was expanded to be connected with the Abandoibarra area.[136] In Ibaiondo, the Etxeberria Park was built in the 1980s in the place where a steel mill previously stood. The original chimney was maintained as a homage of its industrial past. It covers an area of 18.9 ha (47 acres), on a sloped terrain that overlooks the Old Town.[137] Other relevant public spaces inside the city include the Europa Park, the Miribilla Park, or the Memorial Walkway, a 3 km (1.9 mi) long walkway, with 12 m (39 ft) high lamps, located in the left bank of the estuary and that connects the main sights.[138]
Mount Artxanda is easily accessible from the town centre by a funicular. There is a recreational area at the summit, with restaurants, a sports complex and a balcony with panoramic views. In the south, Mount Pagasarri receives hundreds of hikers every weekend since the 1870s, who seek its natural wonders. Its environment is officially protected since 2007.[139]
Culture
Bilbao was appointed a "City of Design" by UNESCO in 2014 and has been part of the Creative Cities Network since then.[140]
Theaters
The main hall of the city is the Arriaga Theater, reopened in 1985 as a municipal venue with a varied repertoire that includes dancing, opera, live music and theatre. Also very active are the Campos Elíseos Theater and the Euskalduna Concert Hall. Other important venues include La Fundición, dedicated to contemporary dances and theatre; the Pabellón 6, the Sala BBK and the Azkuna Zentroa.
Museums
Bilbao has more than a dozen museums covering a range of fields including art, science, and sport, which have played a central role in Bilbao being named one of the most creative cities in the world.[141]
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, part of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, was inaugurated on 19 October 1997 and is work of the Canadian architect Frank Gehry.[142] The museum's permanent collection is centered in the visual arts of the second half of the 20th century and the present, with relevant artworks from Richard Serra and Jeff Koons, although including as well temporary exhibitions with a more varied nature, like Russian art or engravings from Albrecht Dürer.[143]
Another important museum is the Bilbao Fine Arts Museum,[144] first established in 1908 and housing a notable collection of Spanish and European work from the 12th century to present times. The collection from before the 20th century is centered mainly around Spanish and Flemish artists such as El Greco, Francisco de Zurbarán, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Francisco Goya and Anthony van Dyck. The museum also holds one of the best collections of Basque art, with works from the 19th century to present times. It has an eye-catching collection of Avant-garde art, from the Post-Impressionism of Paul Gauguin to Pop art and the expressionism of Francis Bacon.
The Basque Museum showcases Basque archaeology and ethnography, and holds frequent exhibitions in the area of Basque history.[145] The museum building itself is part of the heritage listing Conjunto histórico. The city also has several specialised museums, like the Maritime Museum Estuary of Bilbao (Bilboko Itsasadarra Itsas Museoa), located next to the Estuary of Bilbao, which holds ships and other collection related to the region's fishing and shipbuilding culture, being particularly relevant the Carola crane, last remaining element of the Euskalduna shipyard that existed where the museum now stands.
Other relevant museums are the Biscayan Archeological Museum (Arkeologi Museoa) which holds important collections related to the region's prehistory,[146] and the Diocesan Museum of Religious Art (Eleiz Museoa), both located in the Casco Viejo quarter.
Music
The Euskalduna Concert Hall is home to frequent musical performances and it is home of the Bilbao Symphony Orchestra (Bilbao Orkestra Sinfonikoa) and the opera season programmed by the ABAO (Bilbao Association of Friends of the Opera). The Arriaga Theater is frequently the host of numerous musical events, other notable stages include the Philharmonic Society of Bilbao (chamber music) and Bilborock (pop and rock music). The city hosts many different musical festivities, often funded by the city hall. Due to its scope, it is especially relevant the Bilbao BBK Live festival, which has been celebrated every year since 2006 and focuses on Basque, Spanish and international pop and rock music.[147] Since the opening of the new San Mamés Stadium in 2013, it has been often used as an open-air concert venue, the first ever concert being one from the American band Guns N' Roses in 2017.[148] Other relevant music festivals include the Bilbao Distrito Jazz and the Bilbao Ars Sacrum, the latter dedicated to religious music.
Bilbao is the birthplace of famous composer Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, who lived his formative years in the city before moving to Paris at age 15. Also native from Bilbao were the soprano singer Josefa Cruz de Gassier and Natividad Álvarez, nicknamed Nati, la bilbainita (Spanish for "Nati, the little one from Bilbao") a dancer and castanets player who achieved national fame in the early 20th century.[149] Also relevant is the Bilbao Choir Society (Bilboko Koral Elkartea), established in 1866. Important musical bands coming from the city include rock band Fito & Fitipaldis, Basque folk band Oskorri and folk-pop band Mocedades.
Bilbao hosted the 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards.[150]
Festivals and events
Bilbao hosts several regular festivals and events. The most relevant is the Big Week of the city (Aste Nagusia), celebrated annually since 1978 and lasting nine days. It is the city's main festival, attracting over 1,500,000 people every year.[151] The festivities begin on the first Saturday before 22 August, and during those nine days the city hall organises a series of cultural events of diverse kind, including concerts, stage plays, Basque rural sports and bullfighting, as well as nightly firework displays. The festivities begin with the chupinazo or txupinazo, which is the launch of a small rocket, and the reading of a proclamation by the festivities' herald. The central point of the festivities is the place around the txosnas, where the different konpartsak are reunited, organised by neighbourhood associations as well as cultural, social and political groups. The symbol of the festivities is Marijaia, a large doll which is burned during the last day of celebrations.
Beyond the main festivities of the Aste Nagusia, the city also celebrates some minor festivities, many of them religious in nature, such as Saint Agatha on 5 February, the celebrations of Our Lady of Begoña on 11 October, the Day of Thomas the Apostle on 21 December and the Christmas festivities, centered around the figure of Olentzero. There are also festivities in the different neighbourhoods and districts which are celebrated locally, such as the Fiestas del Carmen in Santutxu and Indautxu, Fiestas Santiago in Bilbao la Vieja, Fiestas San Ignacio in San Inazio and Fiestas San Roque in Arxtanda and Larraskitu.
The city also hosts the International Festival of Documentary and Short Film under the commercial name of Zinebi. It was first held in 1959 under the name International Festival of Ibero-American and Filipino Documentary Film of Bilbao, with the goal of being complementary to the San Sebastián International Film Festival. Since 1981 it is organised by the city hall and takes place in the Arriaga Theatre. Bilbao is also the host of the SAIL in Festival, a yearly event centered exclusively around sailing, which brings together international representatives of this sport.[152]
Cuisine
Traditional Bilbao dishes are centered around products from the sea and the estuary, such as eels and cod. For the most part Bilbao shares its original gastronomy with that of the province of Biscay, including dishes such as bacalao al pil pil (cod fish cooked with olive oil, garlic and guindilla peppers), bacalao a la vizcaína (salted cod with Biscayan sauce, mostly made of choricero peppers and onions), merluza en salsa verde (hake fish with green sauce), chipirones en su tinta (squid served with its own ink), morros a la vizcaína (beef snouts with Biscayan sauce), revuelto de perretxikos (scrambled eggs with mushrooms) and desserts such as canutillos de Bilbao (puff pastries filled with custard or chocolate), Pantxineta (puff pastries filled with custard and almonds), rice cakes and bollos de mantequilla (butter buns).
Bilbao, as other Basque cities, is known for a variety of appetizers and snacks, being prominent among them the pintxos, which are typically eaten in bars and that consist of small slices of bread on top of which is placed an ingredient or mixture of ingredients, generally of many different types and usually including elements typical of Basque cuisine. Other snacks include rabas (fried or battered calamari rings, usually served with lemon slices), Spanish omelette (omelette made with eggs and potatoes, sometimes including onions and peppers), txampis (stuffed mushrooms), triángulos (Bilbao-style sandwiches),[153] gildas (one or more olives, a guindilla pepper and an anchovy joined together with a toothpick).
As for beverages, typical from the region is the
There are many restaurants and bars who serve these dishes and beverages, especially around the Casco Viejo quarter. Txokos are also a very popular institution in Bilbao, as in other Basque cities and towns. Bilbao, and the province of Biscay as a whole, is one of the spanish cities with a greater number of recognized restaurants by the gastronomic guides, among them several Michelin-starred restaurants.
Language
The Spanish language is the most used language of the city, followed by the Basque language, which is vernacular to the region. The presence of Basque in the city is less prominent than in other municipalities of the region, such as Bermeo or Lekeitio. In 1986, the bilingual Basque-speaking population represented about 28% of the total. However, the number of Basque speakers has experienced a continuous increase since, reaching a figure of 37% in 2001.[154] More than half of the Basque speakers were younger than 30 and lived in the districts of Deusto, Begoña and Abando.[154]
According to the data from the 2016 census, the population older than 2 years old registered in the municipality of Bilbao who speaks Basque fluently represents 29% of the total population, while those who can speak it with difficulty represent around 19.95% of the total. Finally, those who cannot speak or understand the language represent the remaining 51.06% of the census.
Group | 1981 | 1986 | 1991 | 1996 | 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilinguals: Able to understand and speak both Basque and Spanish | 23.430 | 33.181 | 34.429 | 49.519 | 51.302 | 80.903 | 78.727 | 97.287 |
Passive bilinguals: Able to understand Basque but cannot speak it, while able to understand and speak Spanish | 47.288 | 63.598 | 65.925 | 66.797 | 71.189 | 63.404 | 96.774 | 67.004 |
Spanish monolinguals: Unable to understand or speak Basque, only Spanish | 296.703 | 266.045 | 255.210 | 229.336 | 212.485 | 190.483 | 166.869 | 171.441 |
Population | 367.421 | 362.824 | 355.564 | 345.652 | 334.976 | 334.790 | 342.370 | 335.732 |
Transport
Roads and highways
Bilbao is a relevant transport hub for northern Spain. Bilbao is connected to three major motorways and a series of minor roads of national and provincial level. The city lies on two international roads, the European route E70 that follows the coast of the Bay of Biscay and the cities of Santander and Gijón to the west and with Eibar, San Sebastián and Bordeaux to the east. The European route E80 connects the city with inner Spain to the south, including Burgos and Salamanca and continuing to Lisbon, and Toulouse to the north. The AP-68 motorway (European road E-804) starts in the city, joining with Vitoria-Gasteiz, Logroño and ending in Zaragoza.
The city is connected with the regions of
.Minor roads passing through Bilbao or starting in the city itself include the national road N-634 which connects San Sebastián with Santiago de Compostela and runs parallel to the A-8 and AP-8 motorways. The regional road BI-631 connects Bilbao with Bermeo, while the BI-626 joins the city with Balmaseda. The city is circled by the BI-625 and N-637 roads, which form a half-ring to the east, and the N-634 and A-8 to the west.
The city's main arteries the Gran Vía de Don Diego López de Haro, which crosses the financial and business district of Abando and connecting it with the Casco Viejo to the east and the San Mamés area to the west. The Sabino Arana Avenue and Juan Antonio Zunzunegui Avenue provide a direct route between the central districts and the motorways while Autonomía Street joins the southern districts on an east-west direction. The city has 14 bridges connecting opposite sides of the Estuary of Bilbao and the Kadagua river, including the La Salve and Euskalduna bridges, as well a series of tunnels under the Mount Artxanda.
Airports
Bilbao is served by the
Some low-cost airlines, such as Ryanair, also use the Vitoria Airport (VIT) located in Foronda located 59 km (37 mi) south of the city.
Railways
Long-distance rail lines connect Bilbao with Madrid, Barcelona and other destinations in northern Spain. The city has four railway stations: the
The Bilbao-Abando station is the main railway station of the city, with Renfe running Iberian-gauge long-distance Alvia trains to Madrid and Barcelona, as well as Intercity services to Vigo with connections possible to A Coruña and Hendaye. During the summer there are special trains to Málaga. The city will be connected to the Basque Y high-speed train network around 2023, allowing for high speed AVE trains to operate between the Basque capitals and also to Madrid and other Spanish cities in the future.[160] The arrival of the new high speed services will involve the creation of a completely new underground station that will replace the current infrastructure. The construction is expected to begin in 2020.[161]
Bilbao-Concordia station is located in close vicinity to Bilbao-Abando, and hosts the narrow-gauge railway services ran by Renfe under the Renfe Feve brand. Renfe runs frequent regional trains to the cities of Santander and León. Euskotren Trena runs regular services to Bermeo from the Bilbao-Atxuri station, while in the Zazpikaleak/Casco Viejo station there are regional services to Durango, Eibar and San Sebastián.
Public transport
Public transport by rail and bus is organised by the Bizkaiko Garraio Partzuergoa (Consortium of the Biscayan Transport). The consortium manages the Barik card, a form of electronic ticket valid across almost all public transport systems of the Bilbao metropolitan area and Biscay province, as well as some other selected services in other provinces of the Basque autonomous community.
The mass transit rail system is divided into different networks managed by separate operators.
Euskotren also operates a
The gaps in the railway service are covered by an extensive bus network. The urban bus system is operated under the brand Bilbobus and has 28 regular bus lines, 8 microbus lines and 8 night buses collectively known as Gautxori (night owl). The Bilbaobus network is limited to the city limits, and only a few lines extend beyond it. The BizkaiBus network fills this gap, with more than 100 lines, connecting the city with all other municipalities in the metropolitan area, as well as with most towns in Biscay and some in Álava.
A
Public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bilbao, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 35 minutes. Three percent of public transit passengers ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 7 minutes, while 4% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6.9 km (4.3 mi), while 10% travel more than 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[162]
Infrastructure
Healthcare
The public healthcare system is served and managed by the Basque healthcare system (Osakidetza), which has a network of medical centres established across the city. The most relevant hospital of the city is the Basurto Hospital, located in the Basurto-Zorroza district. It was opened in 1908 after ten years of construction, and it was built due to the fast increase of population in the late 19th century. Its design was based on the Eppendorf Hospital of Hamburg, in (Germany), one of the most modern at the time.[163] In 2008 the hospital was named the best hospital in customer support in Spain.[164]
However, the two largest hospitals that provide healthcare services to the inhabitants of the city are located outside of the city limits: the University Hospital of Gurutzeta/Cruces in neighboring Barakaldo and the Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital in Galdakao. Other minor public hospitals located in the city include the Santa Marina Hospital and the Hospital of Urduliz, located in the metropolitan area.
Utilities
The headquarters of
The supply of all oil-based fuels distributed in the whole metropolitan area (gasoline,
Supply of
Education
The Basque Country has a bilingual education system, with students able to choose between four linguistic models: A, B, D, and X, which differ in the prevalence of Basque or Spanish as the spoken and written language used in classes.
Higher education
Two universities are seated in Bilbao. The older is the
Sport
As in the rest of Spain,
Clubs
- Football
The main football club is Athletic Club, commonly known as Athletic Bilbao in English. It plays at the new San Mamés stadium, which opened in 2013 and seats 53,332 spectators.[172] Athletic Bilbao was one of the founding members of the Spanish football league, La Liga, and has played in the Primera División (First Division)[173] ever since – winning it on eight occasions. Its red and white striped flag can be seen throughout the city. Athletic is noted for its Basque policy, in place since 1911, with only players born in or having a clear connection to the Basque region being allowed to represent the club.[174]
- Basketball
The main basketball club is
Main sights
-
Zubizuri bridge
-
Zubizuri from the other side
-
Basque Museum and Unamuno Plaza
-
Doña Casilda Iturrizar park
-
Provincial Government Palace
-
Ria de Bilbao
-
El Arenal Park
-
Church of San Nicolás
-
Norman Foster
-
Funicular to Mount Artxanda
Notable people
- Joaquín Achúcarro (1932), pianist
- José Antonio Aguirre (1904–1960), football player,[176] nationalist politician and first lehendakari of Basque Government
- Joaquín Almunia (1948), parliamentarian and minister of Spain and commissioner of the European Union
- Sabino Arana (1865–1903), politician and writer, Fundator of PNV
- Gabriel Aresti (1933–1975), promoter of poetry in euskara
- Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga(1806–1826), composer, violinist and orchestra conductor
- Pedro Arrupe (1907–1991), Jesuit priest, Superior General of the Jesuits between 1965 and 1983
- Ramón Baglietto (1936–1980), politician
- Mariví Bilbao (1930–2013), actress
- Fito Cabrales (1966), singer, guitarist and composer
- Asier Etxeandia (1975), actor and singer
- Borja Fernández (born 1984), skater
- Diego de Gardoqui(1735–1798), politician and diplomat, first Spanish ambassador to the United States
- Ander Herrera (born 1989), professional footballer
- Álex de la Iglesia (1965), film director and scriptwriter
- Antonio Fernandez Saenz (1947), lawyer and human rights defender
- Asier Polo (1971), cellist[177]
- Jon Kortajarena (1985), actor and international model
- Iñigo Lekue (born 1993), professional footballer
- Juan Martínez de Recalde (c. 1526–1588), admiral
- Rafael (Pichichi) Moreno (1892–1922), football player
- Anabel Ochoa (1955–2008), psychiatrist, communicologist, writer and actress of Los monólogos de la vagina
- Pedro Olea (1938), director, producer and film scriptwriter
- José Luis de Oriol(1877–1972), businessman, architect and Carlist politician
- Txus di Fellatio, Jesús María Hernández Gil (1970), lyricist, poet and Mägo de Ozfolk metal drummer
- Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936), writer and philosopher
- Iñaki Williams (born 1994), professional footballer
- Secundino Zuazo (1887–1970), architect and urbanist
- Gorka Márquez (born 1990), Strictly Come Dancing professional dancer
International relations
Bilbao is
- Bordeaux, France
- Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Medellín, Colombia
- Monterrey, Mexico
- Pittsburgh, United States
- Qingdao, China
- Rosario, Argentina
- Sant Adrià de Besòs, Spain
- Tbilisi, Georgia
See also
Notes
References
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Bibliography
- Beascoechea Madina, José María (1999). Bilbao en el espejo. La Bilbao más antigua 1300/1700. Bilbao. p. 194. ISBN 84-605-7844-5.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Gómez Piñeiro, Francisco Javier; et al. (1979). Geografía de Euskal Herria: Vizcaya. ISBN 84-7407-068-6.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Montero, Manuel (2000). Construcción histórica de la villa de Bilbao. San Sebastián. p. 142. ISBN 84-7148-384-X.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Olaizola Elordi, Juanjo (2002). Bilboko tranbiak-Los tranvías de Bilbao (PDF). Bilbao. p. 177. ISBN 84-920629-8-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2008.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Pérez Pérez, José Antonio (2001). Bilbao y sus barrios: una mirada desde la historia. Bilbao. ISBN 978-84-88714-94-7.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Quiroga, Ramón; Marrodán, Miguel Ángel (2001). Bilbao: 700 años de historia. ISBN 84-931494-3-8.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Sánchez-Beaskoetxea, Javier (2006). La vuelta a Bilbao a través de sus montes y de su historia. Bilbao. p. 94. ISBN 978-84-88714-93-0.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Tusell Gómez, Javier (2004). Bilbao a través de su Historia. Bilbao. p. 212. ISBN 84-95163-91-8.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - V.A. (October–December 1998). La Ría, una razón de ser. Bilbao. p. 147.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - V.A. (2000). El karst de Pagasarri. ISBN 84-7752-319-3.
- García de la Torre; Francisco Javier (2009). Bilbao : arquitectura. GarcíadelaTorre, Arquitectos. ISBN 9788461328703.
External links
- Official website (in Basque and Spanish)