Saponi
Siouan tribes |
The Saponi are a
They were part of the
Name
The origin and meaning of Saponi, sometimes spelled Sappony, is debated. American anthropologist
Ethnographer James Mooney suggested the word might come from the Siouan term sapa meaning "black."[8]
German explorer John Lederer suggested their name came from Sepy, a female immortal in their religion. He wrote that either four tribes or clans were named for this spirit and three other closely related female spirits from whom the Saponi believed they descended. Evidence came from a short list of names given by the missionary Samuel Kirkland.[9]
Language
The Saponi language, now extinct, was a
The Saponi dialect is known from only two sources. One is a word list of 46 terms and phrases recorded by John Fontaine at Fort Christanna in 1716. This contains a number of items showing it to be virtually the same language as recorded by Hale.[10] The other source is William Byrd II's History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (1728), in which he recorded the names of some local creeks. Byrd's scant list has been found to have included several names from unrelated Indian tribes.[11][failed verification]
By the time linguistic data was recorded, many related eastern Siouan tribes had settled together at
Territory
At the time of European contact up to the early 18th century, the Saponi lived in present-day
Their primary town was called Saponi. In 1670 Lederer visited their nearby settlement, Pintahae, near present-day Lynchburg, Virginia.[1]
Culture
The Saponi were an Eastern Siouan people with a
Historically, Saponi people hunted deer, bear, beaver, squirrel, turkey, and other fowl. They may have hunted
History
17th century
In 1600, James Mooney estimated there were 2,700 Saponi.[15] English explorer Edward Bland wrote in 1650 about the "Occononacheans and Nessoneicks" living on Roanoke River. The "Nessoneicks" were Saponi.[16] In 1670, John Lederer visited what he described as "Sapon, a Village of the Nahyssans," who were the Saponi.[16] Lederer wrote about the Saponi: "The nation is governed by an absolute Moarch; the People of a high stature, warlike and rich."[16]
In 1671
Nearly decimated, the Saponi relocated to three islands at the
In 1677, the Virginia colonial government named the Saponi as tributary Indians under the colonial governor's protection.[17]
18th century
English explorer John Lawson wrote about the Saponi in 1701. He noted they fought against the Seneca and trapped beaver for the fur trade.[17] Shortly after his visit, the Saponi migrated to North Carolina.[19] A band of Saponi returned to Virginia in 1708.[19] There Occaneechi and Stukanox joined them.
By 1701, the Saponi and allied tribes, often collectively referred to as Nahyssan, Saponi, or Tutelo, had begun moving to the location of present-day Salisbury, North Carolina to gain distance from the colonial frontier.[1] By 1711 they were just east of the Roanoke River and west of modern Windsor, North Carolina. In 1712, they asked Virginia to prohibit alcohol sales in their settlement.[19]
In 1714,
Hostilities between the Haudenosaunee and the Saponi and their neighbors ceased with the signing of the
In 1740, the majority of the Saponi and Tutelo moved to Shamokin in Pennsylvania.[1][20] In 1753, the Cayuga people adopted them into their nation during the Grand Council of the Haudenosaunee.[1] In 1711 the majority of Saponi migrated with the Cayuga to near Ithaca, New York, while some remained in Pennsylvania until 1778.[21]
A band with 28 adult Saponi remained near Granville County, North Carolina until 1755.[1]
In 1765, Saponi settled at
Shortly after the American Revolutionary War, Samuel Kirkland noted a community of them living near Fort Niagara who was later believed to have joined the Mohawk, whereas others continued into Canada alongside the Cayuga.[24][page needed] Since most of the Iroquois sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War, after the victory by the United States, the Saponi and Tutelo who had joined the Iroquois were forced with them into exile in Canada. After that point, recorded history was silent about the tribe.[18]
Americans destroyed Saponi communities in Pennsylvania and New York in 1779.
Distinct from the
State-recognized tribes
They are:
- Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe, based in Halifax and Warren counties[26]
- Eno-Occaneechi Indian Association, added Saponi to its name in 1995,[28]state-recognized in 2002
- .
Unrecognized organizations
Numerous
Ohio is home to the second-largest population of people who claim Saponi ancestry.[33] Ohio has no federally recognized[34] or state-recognized tribes.[35] Director of the Haliwa-Saponi Historic Legacy Project, Dr. Marty Richardson wrote, "A large group of Meadows Indians migrated to Ohio after 1835 and took advantage of fewer race-based restrictions."[36] However, 1818 to 1842 marked Indian removals in Ohio.[37] In 1998, a group called Saponi Nation of Ohio submitted a letter of intent to petition for recognition;[38] however, they never submitted a completed petition.[32]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, 72.
- ^ a b c d e Vest, "An Odyssey among the Iroquois," 132.
- ^ a b c d e John Reed Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, 71.
- ^ a b c d Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," pages 286–87.
- ^ a b c d Jay Hansford C. Vest, An Odyssey among the Iroquois, 124.
- ^ Vest, "An Odyssey among the Iroquois," p. 129.
- user-generated source?] Online forum
- ^ Mooney, James (1894). The Siouan Tribes of the East. University of California, Berkeley: Johnson Reprint Corporation. p. 30.
- ^ Speck, Frank G.; Herzog, George (1942). The Tutelo Spirit Adoption Ceremony: Reclothing the Living in the Name of the Dead. Harrisburg, PA: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
- ^ G. Oliverio, Tutelo Grammar and Dictionary, 1996.
- ISBN 1-889758-24-8
- ^ Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," page 288.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jay Hansford C. Vest, An Odyssey among the Iroquois, 125.
- ^ Vest, An Odyssey among the Iroquois, 126.
- ^ a b c d Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, 73
- ^ a b c d Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," page 291.
- ^ a b c Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," page 292.
- ^ a b Mitchell, Henry H. (1997), "Rediscovering Pittsylvania's "Missing" Native Americans", The Pittsylvania Packet (Pittsylvania Historical Society), Chatham, Virginia: 4–8
- ^ a b c Raymond D. DeMaillie, "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," page 293.
- ^ a b Vest, An Odyssey among the Iroquois, 128.
- ^ Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, 72–73.
- ^ Vest, "An Odyssey among the Iroquois," 135.
- ^ a b c Association of American Geographers (1925). Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 15–16. Association of American Geographers. p. 133.
- ^ Speck, Frank G.; Herzog, George (1942). The Tutelo Spirit Adoption Ceremony: Reclothing the Living in the Name of the Dead: Transcriptions and Analysis Tutelo Music. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical Commission.
- ^ Vest, "An Odyssey among the Iroquois," 133.
- ^ a b c d "NC Tribal Communities". North Carolina Department of Administration. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- ^ "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Indian Affairs Bureau. Federal Register. 24 January 2022. pp. 7554–58. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ Occaneechi Saponi timeline", Occaneechi Saponi
- ^ "Tribal Information". North Carolina Museum of History. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
- ^ https://house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills041/hlrbillspdf/4875C.01.pdf House Resolution No. 3516, State of Missouri
- ^ "Receipt of Petitions for Federal Acknowledgment of Existence as an Indian Tribe". 7 December 2000.
- ^ a b "Petitions in Process". Indian Affairs. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ Richardson, Marvin M. (August 2016). "1". Racial Choices: The Emergence of the Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe, 1835-1971 (PhD). University of North Carolina. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Indian Affairs Bureau. Federal Register. 6 January 2023. pp. 7554–58. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ "State Recognized Tribes". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ "Racial Choices: The Emergence of the Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe, 1835-1971". cdr.lib.unc.edu. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ "Timeline: Check out the chronology of Native American Indians history in Ohio". Richland Source. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ "Federal Register, Volume 63 Issue 50 (March 16, 1998)". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
References
- Demallie, Raymond J., "Tutelo and Neighboring Groups," in Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 14: Southeast, ed. Raymond D. Fogelson (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004), 286–300.
- Swanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 74. ISBN 9780806317304.
- Vest, Jay Hansford C. (Winter–Spring 2005). "An Odyssey among the Iroquois: A History of Tutelo Relations in New York". American Indian Quarterly. 29 (1–2): 124–55. JSTOR 4138803.
External links
- Saponi Indians, North Carolina History Project
- Cayuga Nation, official website
- Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe, state-recognized tribe in North Carolina
- Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation, state-recognized tribe in North Carolina
- Sappony, state-recognized tribe in North Carolina