Scar literature

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Scar Literature
Years active1978 Onwards
LocationMainland China
Major figuresLiu Xinwu
Zhang Chengzhi
Influences
Scar literature
Hanyu Pinyin
Shānghén wénxué

Scar literature or literature of the wounded (Chinese: 伤痕文学; pinyin: shānghén wénxué) is a genre of Chinese literature which emerged in the late 1970s during the "Boluan Fanzheng" period, soon after the death of Mao Zedong, portraying the sufferings of cadres and intellectuals during the experiences of the Cultural Revolution and the rule of the Gang of Four.[1]

Historical background

During the

openness in Chinese society; scar literature has even been described as a "second Hundred Flowers Movement".[2] Though scar literature focuses on trauma and oppression, and has been described as largely negative, love and faith remained its major themes; its practitioners were typically not opposed to Communism, but on the converse retained faith in the ability of the Party to rectify past tragedies, and "embraced love as a key to solving social problems".[3] Regardless, though their writing was hailed as marking a revival of the tradition of socialist realism in the arts, it in fact represented a break from that tradition, as it was no longer subject to party control, and was not under an obligation to serve the purpose of political education for the masses.[4]

Unlike the mass revolutionary art of the

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, scar literature adopted a more individualist and market-driven literary style.[5]

Examples

The first exemplar of the genre is generally agreed to be Chen Ruoxi's 1974 short story "The Execution of Mayor Yin" (尹縣長). The story was first published in November 1974 on Mingpao Monthly (vol 107, pp.97-105).[6]

Another examplar is

Lu Xinhua's 1978 story "Scar", which attacked official hypocrisy and corruption.[7] Liu Xinwu's 1977 short story "The Class Monitor" (班主任) has also been described as the pioneer of scar literature, though this assessment is disputed.[8]

Most of the representative authors were in their thirties and forties at the time; they worked as salaried writers and editors, and published their works in state-sponsored literary journals.[9] The moral outrage they expressed in their works resonated with the public, contributing to its popularity.[10]

Not all works by authors who lived through the Cultural Revolution can be classified as scar literature. Zhang Chengzhi in particular is notable for his idealism regarding his experiences during the Cultural Revolution; his works such as Black Steed and Rivers of the North have been described as rebuttals to the "negativism of scar literature".[11]

Responses

Scar literature did not entirely receive a free pass from the Party establishment; due to its criticisms of the

bourgeois liberalism".[13] Deng Xiaoping himself provided major support for the campaign, even though his return to Chinese politics after his earlier disgrace and his political victory over rival Hua Guofeng relied heavily on the repudiation of Maoism inherent in scar literature, and its influence on public opinion.[2][13] The campaign against scar literature was itself unusual in that, unlike earlier campaigns against liberalism, official criticisms were generally limited to attacks on its content, rather than denunciations of individuals.[14]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Chen 1996: 160
  2. ^ a b Watson 1992: 107-108
  3. ^ Liu 2003: 24
  4. ^ Chen 1996: 161
  5. OCLC 503828045
    .
  6. ^ Chen Ruoxi (1974). "The Execution of Mayor Yin (尹縣長)". Mingpao Monthly (明報月刊). 107: 97-105.
  7. ^ Chen et al. 2004: xiv-xvii
  8. ^ Xie 2000
  9. ^ Siu and Stern 1983: xxxviii
  10. ^ Watson 1992: 106
  11. ^ McDougall and Louie: 395-396
  12. ^ Berry 2004: 92-93
  13. ^ a b Harding 1987: 188
  14. ^ White 1998: 166-168

Sources

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