Shy albatross
Shy albatross | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Procellariiformes |
Family: | Diomedeidae |
Genus: | Thalassarche |
Species: | T. cauta
|
Binomial name | |
Thalassarche cauta |
The shy albatross (Thalassarche cauta, formerly Diomedea cauta), also known as shy mollymawk, is a medium-sized
Some authorities call this species the white-capped albatross, but that name is more commonly applied to Thalassarche cauta steadi.
Taxonomy
This
Some authorities, notably the American Ornithological Society, call this species the white-capped albatross.[12]
Mollymawks belong to the albatross family,
Within Australia, the bird is still shown as Diomedea cauta, Diomedea cauta cauta, or Thalassarche cauta cauta in some legislation and databases.[15]
Description
The shy albatross averages 90 to 99 cm (35–39 in) in length, 220 to 256 cm (87–101 in) wingspan,
It has a lifespan of about 60 years.[20]
Behaviour
Feeding
The shy albatross feeds by a combination surface-seizing and some pursuit diving – it has been recorded diving as deep as 5 m (16 ft). Fish,
Reproduction
The shy albatross breeds on rocky islands and builds mounded nests of soil, grass, and roots. They lay one egg in the second half of September.[4]
Flight endurance
Some shy albatross are able to fly 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) in 24 hours.[20]
Range and habitat
Location | Population | Date | Trend |
---|---|---|---|
Albatross Island | 5,017 pairs | 2007 | Increasing 3% per yr |
Mewstone | 7,258 — 7,458 pairs | 1996 | |
Pedra Branca | 268 pairs | 1996 | Decreasing 10% per yr |
Total | 26,000 | 2007 | Unknown |
The shy albatross is endemic breeder to Australia and it breeds on three island colonies off Tasmania, in the southern Indian Ocean:[22] Albatross Island, Pedra Branca, and the Mewstone.[23][24][25][26][27] It is the only albatross endemic to Australia.[20]
Juvenile birds are known to fly as far as
Conservation
The
Today,
In June 2020, the Australian Government changed the status of the bird under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 from "Vulnerable" to "Endangered", with the bird facing the main threats from climate change and fisheries (as bycatch victims, either caught in trawling nets, or on hooks in the longline fishing industry), as well as disease and competition with other seabirds. The change in status is not considered to be due to poor management.[20] Listings under state and territory legislation were mostly still "vulnerable" at this time.[15]
The bird can only be monitored on Albatross Island, as the other two islands are inaccessible, but there are thought to be 15,000 pairs of shy albatross left.[20]
Footnotes
- ^ . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Brands, S. (2008)
- ^ Robertson, C. J. R. & Nunn, G. B. (1998)
- ^ a b c Brooke, M (2004)
- ^ a b c d ACAP (2006)
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2004)
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2005)
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2008b)
- ^ Clements, J. (2007)
- ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2016. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2016. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)(a)
- ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
- ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
- ^ a b "Thalassarche cauta - Shy Albatross". Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT). Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government. 28 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ Dunn, Jon L. & Alderfer, Jonathan (2006)
- ^ "Save the albatross: Shy albatross". The RSPB.
- ISBN 978-0-19-850125-1
- ^ a b c BirdLife International (2008a)
- ^ a b c d e Burgess, y Georgie (27 June 2020). "'Endangered' status for shy albatross, recognising threats from climate change and fishing". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ Hedd, A. & Gales, R. (2001)
- ^ Alderman, Rachael Louise (May 2012). The Shy Albatross (Thalassarche Cauta): Population Trends, Environmental and Anthropogenic Drivers, and the Future for Management and Conservation (PDF) (PhD). University of Tasmania. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ISBN 0-7246-4816-X.
- ^ Hedd, A., et al. (2001a)
- ^ Garnett, S. T. & Crowley, G. M. (2000)
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2004)
- ^ a b c Baker, G. B., et al. (2007)
- ^ Double, M. C. , et al. (2003)
- ^ Johnstone, G. W., et al. (1975)
- ^ Woods, R. & Gales, R. (2008)
References
- ACAP (2007). "ACAP species assessments, Shy Albatross" (pdf). ACAP. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
- Alsop III, Fred J.(2001). Smithsonian Birds of North America. ISBN 0-7894-8001-8
- Baker, G. B.; Double, M. C.; Gales, R.; Tuck, G. N.; Abbott, C. L.; Ryan, P. G.; Petersen, S. L.; Robertson, C. J. R.; Alderman, R. (2007). "A global assessment of the impact of fisheries-related mortality on Shy and White-capped Albatrosses: conservation implications". Biological Conservation. 137 (3): 319–333. .
- Tracking ocean wanderers the global distribution of albatrosses and petrels (PDF). Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop, 1–5 September 2003, Gordon's Bay, South Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: ISBN 0-946888-55-8.
- BirdLife International (2008a). "Bartlett's Tinamou – BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- BirdLife International (2008b). "The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources". Archived from the original (xls) on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Diomedea subg. Thalassogeron –". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Double, M. C.; Gales, R.; Reid, T.; Brothers, N.; Abbott, C. L. (2003). "Morphometric comparison of Australian shy and New Zealand white-capped albatrosses". Emu. 103 (4): 287–294. S2CID 83621983.
- Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathon (2006). "Albatrosses". In Levitt, Barbara (ed.). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (fifth ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7922-5314-3.
- Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Garnett, S. T.; Crowley, G. M. (2000). The action plan for Australian birds 2000. Canberra, Australia: Environment Australia.
- Hedd, A. (1999). Foraging ecology of Shy Albatrosses (Thesis).
- Hedd, A.; Gales, R.; Brothers, N. (2001a). "Foraging strategies of Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta breeding at Albatross Island, Tasmania, Australia" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 224: 267–282. .
- .
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (December 2004). "Proposal #155 to South American Check-list Committee: Split Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta into two or three species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (February 2005). "PROPOSAL (#166) TO SOUTH AMERICAN CLASSIFICATION COMMITTEE: RE-LUMP THALASSARCHE EREMITA AND THALASSARCHE SALVINI WITH THALASSARCHE CAUTA". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (28 February 2008). "Proposal (#255) to South American Classification Committee : Follow-up to Proposal 155: Split Thalassarche cauta into three species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (28 February 2008). "A classification of the bird species of South America : South American Classification Committee American Ornithologists' Union". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998). "Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 13–19.
- Woods, R. & Gales, R. (2008), in litt.
External links
- Media related to Thalassarche cauta at Wikimedia Commons
- Shy Albatross - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.