Siege of Basra

Coordinates: 30°30′00″N 47°48′00″E / 30.5000°N 47.8000°E / 30.5000; 47.8000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Siege of Basra
Operation Karbala-5
The Great Harvest
Part of the Iran–Iraq War
Date8 January – mid April 1987[1]
(3 months and 1 week)
Location
Basra Governorate
Result

Iraqi victory

  • Iranians seized 4 defence lines east of Basrah[2]
  • Iraqis hold Basrah, Tannumah and Abu al-Khasib[2]
  • Iranians continue shelling Basra with artillery
Territorial
changes		 Iran crossed the border and captured a tiny sliver of Basra Governorate[2]
Belligerents
Republic of Iraq  Iran
Commanders and leaders

Iraq Saddam Hussein

al-Rashid[3]
Iraq Lt. Gen. Dhia ul-Din Jamal[4]
Iraq Maj. Gen. Khalil al-Dhouri
Iraq Brig. Gen. Abdul-Wahid Shannan ar-Ribat[5]
Iraq Brig. Gen. Riyadh Taha[5]
Iraq Brig. Gen. Hassan Yusuf[5]
Iraq Brig. Gen. Ibrahim Ismail[5]
Iraq Brig. Gen. Hamid Salman[5]
Ali Sayyad Shirazi
Iran Esmail Daghayeghi †
Units involved

3rd Corps

6th Corps
7th Corps[7]
National Defense Battalions

Basij and Revolutionary Guards (70%):
Najaf Corps
Quds Corps
Karbala Corps
Nouh Corps

Regular Army (30%) with some artillery and armour
Strength
300,000 (four armies)[citation needed] 150,000–200,000 (six divisions from army & rest from the Basij militia)[citation needed]
Casualties and losses

10,000 killed
1,750 captured

150 tanks and 10 aircraft lost[1]

40,000 killed
80,000 wounded[1]

218 armored vehicles
21 boats[8]
≈2 million civilians displaced

The siege of Basra, code-named Operation Karbala-5 (

Arabic: الحصاد الاكبر), was an offensive operation carried out by Iran in an effort to capture the Iraqi port city of Basra
in early 1987. This battle, known for its extensive casualties and ferocious conditions, was the biggest battle of the war and proved to be the last major Iranian offensive. The Iranians failed to reach their objective.

The battle

Operation Karbala-5 began midnight 8 January 1987, when a strike force of 35,000 Revolutionary Guards infantrymen crossed Fish Lake, while four Iranian divisions attacked at the southern shore of the lake, overrunning the Iraqi forces and capturing Duaiji, an irrigation canal. They used their bridgehead at Duaiji as a springboard. Between 9–10 January, the Iranians broke through the first and second defense lines of Basra south of the Fish Lake with tanks.[9][10] The Iranians rapidly reinforced their forces with 60,000 troops and began to clear the remaining Iraqis in the area.[9]

As early as 9 January, the Iraqis began a counter-attack, supported by newer

commandos.[9]
Though after Januari 13 Iraq was able to fully commit its air power, and this time Iraq did not hold back. Iraqi air force flew over 500 missions in support of Iraqi ground forces on January 14 and 15 alone, and managed to destroy 218 Iranian armored vehicles and 21 boats. [11]

Despite superior Iranian infantry tactics, it was the depth of the Iraqi defences that prevented the Iranians from achieving a victory. In spite of its reinforcements, Iran soon took so many additional casualties that it again lost forward momentum. By January 16, the U.S. estimated that the fighting had led to roughly 40,000 Iranian and 10,000 Iraqi casualties. The evidence of such casualty levels was all too tangible. Iran suffered an exceptionally high ratio of killed to wounded, and many of the dead were left on the battlefield.[12]

On 19–24 January, Iran launched another infantry offensive, breaking the third line and driving the Iraqis across the Jasim river. The battle became a contest of which side could bring more

Iranian TV broadcast footage of the outskirts of Basra but the Iranians pushed no further.[9] Iranian losses were so severe that Iraq took the offensive and pushed them back, containing the Iranians to the Shalamjah area. The fighting continued and 30,000 Iranians still held positions around Fish Lake. The battle bogged down into a trench war, where neither side could displace the other. Iran attacked several more times but without success. Karbala-5 officially ended by the end of February but the fighting and siege of Basra continued.[13]

Among those killed was Iranian commander

Hossein Kharrazi as well as the commander of 9th Division "Badr" Esmail Daghayeghi. Roughly 40,000 Iranians and 10,000 Iraqis became casualties because of Operation Karbala-5. And Iraq's army had taken many material losses.[13][14]
The fighting during this operation was the heaviest and bloodiest during the war, with the area around Shalamcheh becoming known as the "
Saddam ordered several of his officers to be executed.[13] With Iranian aircraft concentrated at Basra, the Iraqis bombed Iranian supply routes with chemical weapons, as well as Iranian cities with conventional bombs, including Tehran, Isfahan and Qom
. It is believed that around 3,000 Iranian civilians were killed in these attacks. Iran retaliated by firing eleven long-range missiles at Iraqi cities, inflicting casualties among civilians and killing at least 300.

The Iraqis had fought an excellent defensive battle at Basra, as they had succeeded in fighting the Iranians to a complete standstill thwarting their obsession with capturing the city. The end of the battle saw a considerable breakdown of Iranian morale as hereafter only a small percent signed up for volunteering in the fanatical revolutionary guards or basij.[16]

Bibliography

  1. The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East, by Robert Fisk, Knopf Books, 2005
  2. "The Gulf Iran Strikes on Two Fronts", by William E. Smith, Time, 26 January 1987
  3. "The Gulf", Time, 2 February 1987
  4. "The Gulf Life Among Smoldering Ruins", by Dean Fischer, Time, 30 March 1987
  5. In The Name of God: The Khomeini Decade, by Robin Wright, Simon and Schuster, 1989
  6. Essential Histories: The Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988, by Efraim Karsh, Osprey Publishing, 2002
  7. Journey to Heading 270 Degrees, by Ahmad Dihqan and Paul Sprachman, Mazda Publishers, 2006
  8. The Longest War, by Dilip Hiro, Routlage Chapman & Hall, 1991.
  9. http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap08.pdf Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  10. Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011). Iran at War: 1500-1988.
    ISBN 9781780962214
    .

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0674915718
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 964-06-5515-5
    .
  3. ^ Pelletiere, Stephen C (10 December 1990). Lessons Learned: Iran–Iraq War. Marine Corps Historical Publication. p. 40.
  4. ^ Hoffpauir, Michael E. (June 1991). "Tactical Evolution in the Iraqi Army: The Abadan Island and Fish Lake campaigns of the Iran-Iraq War" (PDF). Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College: 104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^
    ISBN 9780160896132
    .
  6. ^ a b "/خاطره اختصاصی محسن رضایی از کربلای ۵/". خبرگزاری فارس. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  7. ^ Hoffpauir, Michael E. (June 1991). "Tactical Evolution in the Iraqi Army: The Abadan Island and Fish Lake campaigns of the Iran–Iraq War" (PDF). Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College: 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160530073559/https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap08.pdf
  9. ^
    ISBN 9781780962214
    .
  10. ^
    ISBN 9780803287839
    .
  11. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160530073559/https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap08.pdf
  12. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160530073559/https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap08.pdf
  13. ^ a b c d "https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2017. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  14. ^ "Iran Iraq war, Iran-Iraq war". iraniraqwar.com. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  15. ^ Kevin M. Woods; Williamson Murray; Elizabeth A. Nathan; Laila Sabara; Ana M. Venegas (29 September 2011). "Saddam's Generals" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  16. ProQuest 220899524
    .

External links

30°30′00″N 47°48′00″E / 30.5000°N 47.8000°E / 30.5000; 47.8000

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