Skanda Upanishad

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Skanda Upanishad
Krishna Yajurveda
Verses15
PhilosophyVedanta

Skanda Upanishad or Skandopanishad (

Krishna Yajurveda,[2] one of the 32 listed Upanishads under it.[3]

The Upanishad is told in first person by Kartikeya (Skanda), the Hindu god of war and the son of Shiva. While the Upanishad states that Skanda is the ultimate reality called Brahman,[4] he is also described as consciousness, Atman (soul, self), and Shiva as well by the text.[5][6]

The text emphasizes there is no difference between Vishnu and Shiva – the gods of Vaishnavism and Shaivism respectively, that they are one, as are all gods.[5] The ideal worship, states the Upanishad, is to see one's innermost self as not different from Skanda, Shiva, Vishnu and Brahman.[5][6]

History

The author and the date of composition of Skanda Upanishad are not known. Manuscripts of this text are also found titled as Aksyupanisad.

Muktika canon, narrated by Rama to Hanuman.[9]

Contents

The Skanda Upanishad is written in the voice of

Parameshvara (the Supreme God), the Light of Lights and Supreme Brahman (Absolute Reality). Skanda declares he is that Brahman.[11][12] He says that he is indestructible.[13]

Skanda says that

paddy and after husking, a grain is rice, similarly bound by karma, it is a jiva and when liberated from karma, it becomes Shiva. Skanda then pays his respects to Shiva, who is a form of Vishnu and Vishnu, who is a form of Shiva. Further, Vishnu is said to dwell in the heart of Shiva and vice versa. Shiva and Vishnu are the one and the same.[11][12]

The Skanda Upanishad further compares the body to the temple and the jiva (life-force) to Shiva. Like old flower offerings are cast away from the temple, ajnana (ignorance, absence of jnana) should be thrown out from the body. God be worshipped by the thought that one is same as Him, which is jnana. Dhyana (mediation) should be to rid the mind of objects. Bathing is removing the dirt in the mind. Cleanliness is control over the senses. One must consume the drink of Brahman. One must live on alms and in a solitary place alone and realize the non-duality of the Soul and Brahman. Thus, one attains emancipation (moksha).[11][12]

A prayer in first person follows. Obeisance is offered to the Supreme Light, wishing for prosperity and longevity. Vishnu as Narasimha and Shiva as Mahadeva are addressed. The hymn declares that by their grace, people realize the incomprehensible Brahman, which transcends thoughts, is unmanifest and infinite and indestructible, but takes the form of the deities, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.[14][12]

Left: Harihara, depicting Vishnu and Shiva as one.
Right: 6th-century Harihara carving in Cave 3 of Badami cave temples.

The Skanda Upanishad ends with the hymn:[15]

And the highest step of Vishnu
The patrons see for ever
Like an eye, stationed in heaven.
And wondering over this highest step
Of Vishnu, the priests, wide-awake,
Enkindle the sacrificial fire.

This hymn originates from the

Muktika Upanishad.[15]

Commentary

Two aphorisms from the Skanda Upanishad: "Shiva is Jiva" and "the body is said to be the temple" are quoted repeatedly.

Aurobindo interprets them to convey that the unmanifested soul within a person should be united with Shiva, that is, Brahman.[16]

The unity and sameness of Vishnu and Shiva, gods of the rival Hindu sects of Vaishnavism and Shaivism respectively, in the text are also emphasized.[12][17] This identification of the two gods is said an attempt of syncretism of the warring sects, similar to the icon of Harihara, the combined form of Vishnu and Shiva.[18]

References

  1. ^ Ayyangar 1941, pp. 530–533.
  2. ISBN 81-208-2086-X
  3. ^ Tinoco 1996, p. 88.
  4. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6
    .
  5. ^ a b c Ayyangar 1941, pp. 530–534.
  6. ^ a b Aiyar 1914, pp. 41–42.
  7. ^ Hattangadi 2000.
  8. ^ Vedic Literature, Volume 1, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, p. PA584, at Google Books, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras, India, pages 584-586
  9. ^ Deussen 1997, pp. 556–557.
  10. ^ Weber 2013, p. 171.
  11. ^ a b c Dr. A. G. Krishna Warrier. "Skanda Upanishad". The Theosophical Publishing House. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d e K. Narayanasvami Aiyar (1914). Thirty Minor Upanishads.
  13. ^ Parmeshwaranand 2000, p. 665.
  14. ^ Warrier 1967.
  15. ^ a b Deussen 1997, p. 743.
  16. ISBN 978-1-4943-6868-5
    .
  17. ISBN 978-81-208-1611-4
    .
  18. ^ Haridāsa Bhaṭṭācāryya (1969). The Cultural Heritage of India: The religious. 1956. Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture. p. 50.

Bibliography

External links
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