Sorel cement

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Sorel cement (also known as magnesia cement or

French chemist Stanislas Sorel in 1867.[1]

In fact, in 1855, before working with magnesium compounds, Stanislas Sorel first developed a two-component cement by mixing zinc oxide powder with a solution of zinc chloride.[2][3] In a few minutes he obtained a dense material harder than limestone.

Only a decade later, Sorel replaced

surrogate material for ivory to fabricate billiard balls resistant to shock. [4]

Sorel cement is a mixture of

magnesia) with magnesium chloride with the approximate chemical formula Mg4Cl2(OH)6(H2O)8, or MgCl2·3Mg(OH)2·8H2O, corresponding to a weight ratio of 2.5–3.5 parts MgO to one part MgCl2.[5]

Charles A. Sorrell also studied the topic and published works on the same family of oxychloride compounds based on zinc and magnesium in 1977 and 1980. The zinc oxychloride cement is prepared from zinc oxide and zinc chloride instead of magnesium compounds.[6][7]

Composition and structure

The set cement consists chiefly of a mixture of

magnesium oxychlorides and magnesium hydroxide in varying proportions, depending on the initial cement formulation, setting time, and other variables. The main stable oxychlorides at ambient temperature are the so-called "phase 3" and "phase 5", whose formulas can be written as 3Mg(OH)
2·MgCl
2·8H
2O and 5Mg(OH)
2·MgCl
2·8H
2O, respectively; or, equivalently, Mg
2(OH)
3Cl·4H
2O and Mg
3(OH)
5Cl·4H
2O.[8]

Phase 5 crystallizes mainly as long needles which are actually rolled-up sheets. These interlocking needles give the cement its strength.[9]

In the long term the oxychlorides absorb and react with carbon dioxide CO
2 from the air to form magnesium chlorocarbonates.[10]

History

These compounds are the primary components of matured Sorel cement, first prepared in 1867 by Stanislas Sorel.[1]

In the late 19th century, several attempts were made to determine the composition of the hardened Sorel's cement, but the results were not conclusive.[11][12][13][14] Phase 3 was properly isolated and described by Robinson and Waggaman (1909),[11] and phase 5 was identified by Lukens (1932).[15]

Properties

Sorel cement can withstand 10,000–12,000

psi (69–83 MPa) of compressive force whereas standard Portland cement can typically only withstand 7,000–8,000 psi (48–55 MPa). It also achieves high strength in a shorter time.[16]

Sorel cement has a remarkable capacity to bond with, and contain, other materials. It also exhibits some

billiard balls
.

The pore solution in wet Sorel cement is slightly alkaline (pH 8.5 to 9.5), but significantly less so than that of Portland cement (hyperalkaline conditions: pH 12.5 to 13.5).[17]

Other differences between magnesium-based cements and portland cement include water permeability, preservation of plant and animal substances, and corrosion of metals.[18] These differences make different construction applications suitable.[19]

Prolonged exposure of Sorel cement to water leaches out the soluble MgCl
2, leaving hydrated brucite Mg(OH)
2 as the binding phase, which without absorption of CO2, can result in loss of strength.[17]

Fillers and reinforcement

In use, Sorel cement is usually combined with filler materials such as gravel, sand, marble flour, asbestos, wood particles and expanded clays.[20]

Sorel cement is incompatible with steel reinforcement because the presence of chloride ions in the pore solution and the low alkalinity (pH < 9) of the cement promote steel corrosion (pitting corrosion).[17] However, the low alkalinity makes it more compatible with glass fiber reinforcement.[20] It is also better than Portland cement as a binder for wood composites, since its setting is not retarded by the lignin and other wood chemicals.[20]

The resistance of the cement to water can be improved with the use of additives such as

silica.[17]

Uses

Magnesium oxychloride cement is used to make

billiard balls
) and other similar purposes.

Sorel cement is also studied as a candidate material for chemical buffers and engineered barriers (drift seals made of

magnesium hydroxychloride is also a possible pH buffer in marine evaporite brines, Sorel cement is expected to less disturb initial in situ conditions prevailing in deep salts formations.[24]

Preparation

Sorel cement is usually prepared by mixing finely divided MgO powder with a concentrated solution of MgCl
2.[17]

In theory, the ingredients should be combined in the molar proportions of phase 5, which has the best mechanical properties. However, the chemical reactions that create the

oxychlorides may not run to completion, leaving unreacted MgO particles and/or MgCl
2 in pore solution. While the former act as an inert filler, leftover chloride is undesirable since it promotes corrosion of steel in contact with the cement. Excess water may also be necessary to achieve a workable consistency. Therefore, in practice the proportions of magnesium oxide and water in the initial mix are higher than those in pure phase 5.[20] In one study, the best mechanical properties were obtained with a molar ratio MgO:MgCl
2 of 13:1 (instead of the stoichiometry 5:1).[20]

Production

magnesium oxychloride, and does not contain calcium oxide
.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Sorel Stanislas (1867). "Sur un nouveau ciment magnésien". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, volume 65, pages 102–104.
  2. ^ Sorel Stanislas (1856). Procédé pour la formation d'un ciment très-solide par l'action d'un chlorure sur l'oxyde de zinc. Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, 55, 51–53.
  3. ^ Souchu, Philippe (2012-04-18). "Le ciment Sorel". Site documentaire du Lerm. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
  4. ^ Chevalier, Michel (1868). "Exposition Universelle de 1867 à Paris. Rapports du Jury international, Tome dixième, Groupe VI, Arts Usuels – Classes 65 – Section I, Chapitre 3 – Matériaux artificiels, § 5 – Ciment d'oxychlorure de magnésium, 80–83". archive.org/. Imprimerie Administrative de Paul Dupont, Paris. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
  5. ISBN 0-12-352651-5
    .
  6. ISSN 0002-7820
    .
  7. ISSN 0002-7820
    .
  8. doi:10.1002/jrs.706
  9. doi:10.1038/211064a0
  10. doi:10.1071/CH9550234
  11. ^
    doi:10.1021/j150108a002
  12. ^ Davis J.W.C. (1872). "Composition of Crystalline Deposit from a Solution of Magnesium and Ammonium Chloride". The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science, volume 25, page 258.
  13. ^ Otto Krause (1873): "Ueber Magnesiumoxychlorid". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, volume 165, pages 38–44.
  14. ^ André G.M. (1882). "Sur les oxychlorures de magnésium". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des sciences, volume 94, pages 444–446.
  15. doi:10.1021/ja01345a026
  16. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31379-5
  17. ^
    doi:10.1680/jadcr.16.00024
  18. ^ "Karthikeyan N., Sathishkumar A., and Dennis Joseph Raj W. (2014). Effects on setting, strength and water resistance of Sorel cement on mixing fly ash as an additive. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, Vol. 3, N° 2, 251–256" (PDF).
  19. ^ Du, Chongjiang (1 December 2005). "A review of magnesium oxide in concrete". Concrete International. 27 (12).
  20. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.03.015
  21. PMID 27002788
    .
  22. ^ US-DOE (2016). "Proceedings of the 6th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation, January 11, 2016" (PDF). www.energy.gov/. US-DOE. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  23. ISSN 0016-7037
    .
  24. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<76:MHAPPB>2.0.CO;2
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