Lachin: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: Template:Xb_type:city(100-120) 39°38′27″N 46°32′49″E / 39.64083°N 46.54694°E / 39.64083; 46.54694
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Town of Lachin and the surrounding district were the locations of severe fighting during the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]] in 1990–1994, and the town has not wholly recovered from the destruction of that war.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/357087/ |title=Азербайджан взял под контроль Лачин спустя 28 лет |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=[[Caucasian Knot]] |language=ru }}</ref> Lachin has significant importance because of the [[Lachin corridor]], which links Armenia to Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/world/1229757 |title=Azerbaijani troops enter Lachin district in Nagorno-Karabakh |work=TASS |date=30 November 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 }}</ref>
Town of Lachin and the surrounding district were the locations of severe fighting during the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]] in 1990–1994, and the town has not wholly recovered from the destruction of that war.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/357087/ |title=Азербайджан взял под контроль Лачин спустя 28 лет |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=[[Caucasian Knot]] |language=ru }}</ref> Lachin has significant importance because of the [[Lachin corridor]], which links Armenia to Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tass.com/world/1229757 |title=Azerbaijani troops enter Lachin district in Nagorno-Karabakh |work=TASS |date=30 November 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 }}</ref>


Following the city's capture by Armenian forces, it was looted and burned down<ref name="vendik">{{Cite web |first=Yuri |last=Vendik |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-54930281 |title=Армяне оставляют Лачин, несмотря на конец войны в Карабахе и прибытие российских миротворцев |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=BBC Russian Service |language=ru }}</ref> and all of its original 7,800 Azerbaijani and Kurdish populations became [[Internally Displaced Person|internally displaced people]] as a result of forceful deportations.<ref name="maghrur" /> British reporter [[Jonathan Steele]] witnessed wholesale looting and burning of Lachin, with trucks and cars piled high with looted furniture and household utensils moving to Armenia, and pillars of smoke rising from burning houses visible from six miles away.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |last1=Steele |first1=Jonathan |title=Eyewitness: Armenia's looters follow its troops into Azerbaijan - Tit-for-tat pillage of deserted Lachin succeeds a war that may not yet be over |agency=The Guardian |date=25 May 1992}}</ref> An Armenian policeman claimed that twenty-three Armenian villages were pillaged, and "now we're taking from them", and showed no sign of embarrassment at the sight of trucks taking away looted property.<ref name="guardian"/> Another British journalist also observed how Armenian looters loaded sofas, chairs, cookers and refrigerators on trucks that formed big convoys blocking the road. Some looters took the chickens, cattle and horses, before setting houses on fire.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seely |first1=Robert |title=Armenian looters burn down village |agency=The Times |date=25 May 1992 |page=8}}</ref> A Canadian journalist who visited the town a few months later noted that "the destruction is absolute. No building, no home, no school, not a bus shelter has been left unscarred".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brock |first1=Daniel |title=Europe’s forgotten war |url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1993/8/30/europes-forgotten-war |access-date=26 October 2021 |agency=Maclean's |date=30 August 1993}}</ref>
Following the city's capture by Armenian forces, it was looted and burned down<ref name="vendik">{{Cite web |first=Yuri |last=Vendik |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-54930281 |title=Армяне оставляют Лачин, несмотря на конец войны в Карабахе и прибытие российских миротворцев |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=BBC Russian Service |language=ru }}</ref> and all of its original 7,800 Azerbaijani and Kurdish populations became [[Internally Displaced Person|internally displaced people]] as a result of deportations.<ref name="maghrur" /> British reporter [[Jonathan Steele]] had been informed by an Armenian sergeant that the Azerbaijanis had previously pillaged 23 villages, and that "now we're taking from them".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Steele |first1=Jonathan |title=Eyewitness: Armenia's looters follow its troops into Azerbaijan - Tit-for-tat pillage of deserted Lachin succeeds a war that may not yet be over |agency=The Guardian |date=25 May 1992}}</ref> Another British journalist also observed how many of the Armenians were victims of the [[Siege of Stepanakert]], which had been shelled by the Azerbaijanis for eight months and had been without light and water for several weeks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seely |first1=Robert |title=Armenian looters burn down village |agency=The Times |date=25 May 1992 |page=8}}</ref>


=== Armenian occupation ===
=== Republic of Artsakh ===
From 1992, Lachin was administrated by the [[Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh|self-proclaimed]] [[Republic of Artsakh]] as part of its [[Kashatagh Province]]. Artsakh repopulated the city by attracting [[Armenians|ethnic Armenians]] from Armenia and [[Lebanon]].<ref name="maghrur">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/azeri/azerbaijan-54941977 |title=Laçın – məğrur rayonun hekayəsi |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=BBC Azerbaijani Service |language=az }}</ref><ref name="vendik" />
From 1992, Lachin was administrated by the [[Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh|self-proclaimed]] [[Republic of Artsakh]] as part of its [[Kashatagh Province]]. Artsakh repopulated the city by attracting [[Armenians|ethnic Armenians]] from Armenia and [[Lebanon]].<ref name="maghrur">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/azeri/azerbaijan-54941977 |title=Laçın – məğrur rayonun hekayəsi |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=BBC Azerbaijani Service |language=az }}</ref><ref name="vendik" />


Revision as of 02:24, 29 October 2021

For other places with the same name, see Lachin (disambiguation) and Laçın (disambiguation).
Lachin / Berdzor
Laçın / Բերձոր
AZT
)

Lachin (

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The town is the de jure centre of the Lachin District of Azerbaijan, and it was under the de facto occupation of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh from 1992 to 2020, administrated as part of its Kashatagh Province.[3]

History

Early history

Artsakh province of Greater Armenia;[5][6] it was alternatively transcribed as Beradzor, Berdzor, or Berdzork.[7] The reputed author Movses Kaghankatvatsi mentions a so-called Berdzor horse purportedly indigenous to the region, as does Makar Barkhudaryan, an Apostolic bishop, traveler, polymath, and ethnographer from Shusha.[8] During the medieval period, the town Berdzor was mentioned as being a part of the Artsakh province within the domain of the Armenian Bagratid Kingdom.[9]

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu's private secretary Shihab ad-Din an-Nasawi referred to the settlement as both Berdadzor and a new name, Kaladara.[10]

Berdzor had its own local Meliks during the 15th-17th centuries and fell under the jurisdiction of the Armenian Melikdom of Kashatagh.[11] The Armenian settlement of Berdzor was eventually abandoned. Following the displacement of the Armenian population, the area was then repopulated with Kurdish tribes.[12] The modern settlement was built using the stones from the ancient Armenian settlement.[13]

The town was formerly also known as Abdallar, named after the Turkic Abdal tribe.[14][15][16] In 1914, Abdallar was a small relatively insignificant village of about 124 Turkic-speaking Kurds.[17] It was granted town status in 1923 and then renamed Lachin (a Turkic first name meaning falcon) in 1926.[18][14]

In the early 1920s, Vladimir Lenin's letter to Nariman Narimanov "had implied that Lachin was to be included in Azerbaijan, but the authorities in Baku and Yerevan were given promises that were inevitably contradictory."[19]

Red Kurdistan

Main article:
Kurdistansky Uyezd

The town of Lachin on 7 July 1923 became the administrative centre of

Azerbaijan SSR, often known as Red Kurdistan before it was moved to Shusha.[20] It was dissolved on 8 April 1929: Kurdish schools and newspapers were closed.[21]

On 30 May 1930, the Kurdistan Okrug replaced the uyezd. It included the territory of the former Kurdistansky uyezd, as well as Zangilansky District and a part of Dzhebrailsky District. The okrug, like the uyezd before it, was founded to appeal to Kurds beyond Soviet borders in Iran and Turkey, but the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs would ultimately protest this policy due to its negative effect on relations with Turkey and Iran. Due to these concerns, the okrug was abolished less than a month after its foundation, on 23 July 1930.[22]

In the late 1930s, Soviet authorities deported most of the local Kurdish population as well as much of the Kurds elsewhere in Azerbaijan and Armenia to Kazakhstan.[23]

To its Kurdish population, the city was known as Laçîn.[24][25]

First Nagorno-Karabakh War

Town of Lachin and the surrounding district were the locations of severe fighting during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1990–1994, and the town has not wholly recovered from the destruction of that war.[26] Lachin has significant importance because of the Lachin corridor, which links Armenia to Nagorno-Karabakh.[27]

Following the city's capture by Armenian forces, it was looted and burned down

internally displaced people as a result of deportations.[29] British reporter Jonathan Steele had been informed by an Armenian sergeant that the Azerbaijanis had previously pillaged 23 villages, and that "now we're taking from them".[30] Another British journalist also observed how many of the Armenians were victims of the Siege of Stepanakert, which had been shelled by the Azerbaijanis for eight months and had been without light and water for several weeks.[31]

Republic of Artsakh

From 1992, Lachin was administrated by the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh as part of its Kashatagh Province. Artsakh repopulated the city by attracting ethnic Armenians from Armenia and Lebanon.[29][28]

The OSCE Minsk Group co-chairs had noted that "Lachin has been treated as a separate case in previous negotiations." The Lachin corridor and the Kalbajar district had been at the centre of Armenian demands during the Nagorno-Karabakh peace talks with Azerbaijan.[32]

On 16 June 2015 European Court of Human Rights passed a judgement in the case of "Chiragov and Others v. Armenia", which concerned the complaints by six Azerbaijani ethnically-Kurdish refugees that they were unable to return to their homes and property in the district of Lachin, in Azerbaijan, from where they had been forced to flee in 1992 during the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. The Court confirmed that Armenia exercised effective control over Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding territories and thus had de facto jurisdiction over the district of Lachin; however, the Court also found that the denial by the Armenian Government of access to the applicants’ homes constituted an unjustified interference with their right to respect for their private and family lives as well as their homes.[33]

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

Following the

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, the Lachin District was set to be returned to Azerbaijan on 1 December, with Russian peacekeepers securing the Lachin corridor which passes through the town.[3] However, the unclear and unstable situation in the region have caused many Armenians to evacuate from the city.[28]

The Artsakh mayor of Lachin, Narek Aleksanyan, first called on the ethnic Armenian population of the town to evacuate. However, later Aleksanyan stated that the agreement had been changed and that Lachin,

Zabux which are located inside the Lachin corridor would not be handed over to Azerbaijan, urging the Armenian population to stay in their homes. Despite Aleksanyan's calls, the vast majority of Armenians in Lachin, as well as Lebanese-Armenians in Zabux fled the region.[34][1]

Azerbaijani MP Zahid Oruj, the chairman of the Center for Social Research, which is linked to the Azerbaijani government, denied that the Lachin district would not be handed over in its entirety.[34]

On December 1, Azerbaijani forces, with tanks and a column of trucks, entered the district,[35] and the Azerbaijani MoD released footage from the Lachin district.[36] On December 3, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence released video footage from the town of Lachin.[37]

Following the ceasefire, only around 200 Armenians remained in the Lachin corridor, with 100-120 of them being in Lachin.[2]

According to the Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev, a new corridor will be built in the region as the Lachin corridor passes through the city of Lachin, and when this corridor is ready, the city will be returned to the Azerbaijani administration.[38]

Demographics

Year Population Ethnic groups Source
1914 124 100% Kurds Caucasian Calendar[17]
1926 435 37.7% Turks (now Azerbaijanis), 25.3% Kurds, 15.2% Armenians, 13.1% Russians Soviet census[39]
1939 1,063 80.7% Azerbaijani, 11.6% Armenians, 6.4% Russians Soviet census[40]
1959 2,329 94.5% Azerbaijani, 4.3% Armenians 1% Russians Soviet census[41]
1970 4,990 95% Azerbaijani, 2.7% Russians & Ukrainians, 1.1% Armenians Soviet census[42]
1979 6,073 99.1% Azerbaijani Soviet census[43]
1989 7,829 Soviet census[44]
2005 2,190 ~100% Armenians NKR census[45]
2015 1,900 ~100% Armenians NKR estimate[46]
2021 100-120 ~100% Armenians

Terrain

The town is scenically built on the side of a mountain on the left bank of the river Hakari.[47]

Twin cities

Lachin is

twinned
with:

Gallery

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1036360/D090D180D0BCD0B5D0BDD0BFD180D0B5D181D181
  2. ^ a b Sara Petrosyan (February 22, 2021). "Փոքրաթիվ հայեր դեռևս բնակվում են Քաշաթաղում, բայց դա ռուսների քմահաճույքով է պայմանավորված". hetq.am. Hetq. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Rusiya Müdafiə Nazirliyi: Laçın dəhlizində hərəkətə sülhməramlılar nəzarət edir". BBC Azerbaijani Service (in Azerbaijani). December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  4. ^ A.E. Movsisyan (2016). "Damaged Cuneiform Inscription of Berdzor Cave". Спелеология и спелестология (in Russian) (7). Yerevan State University: 248–249.
  5. ^ Hewsen. Armenia, pp. 100–103.
  6. ^ Մեծ Հայքի վարչական բաժանումը
  7. ^ The Dictionary of the toponyms of Armenia and the adjacent regions, Volume 3, Yerevan State University, YSU Publishing House, Yerevan, 1988, p. 665.
  8. OCLC 44548270
    .
  9. JSTOR 608652
    .
  10. ^ Шихаб ад-дин ан-Насави. Сират ас-султан Джалал ад-Дин Манкбурны (ЖИЗНЕОПИСАНИЕ СУЛТАНА ДЖАЛАЛ АД-ДИНА МАНКБУРНЫ), М. 1996, стр. 270
  11. ^ Карагезян А. К локализации гавара Кашатаг // Вестн. обществ. наук АН АрмССР. 1987. № 1. С. 44—45.
  12. ISBN 5-94628-118-6
  13. ISBN 5-8080-0468-3
    .
  14. ^ a b Pospelov, p. 23
  15. Karapetian, Samvel
    . Armenian Cultural Monuments in the Region of Karabagh. Yerevan: Gitutiun Publishing House, 2001, p. 169.
  16. ^ Map of Armenia and Adjacent Countries by H. F. B. Lynch and F. Oswald in Armenia, Travels and Studies. London: Longmans, 1901.
  17. ^ a b “The Caucasian Calendar for 1915” Tblisi: 1914, p.82 (in Russian)
  18. ^ "ЛАЧИН". dic.academic.ru.
  19. ISBN 1-85065-009-8
    .
  20. ^ McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds, 3rd. ed. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004, p. 492.
  21. New York Times
    , May 13, 1991/June 2, 1991.
  22. ^ (in Russian) Партизаны на поводке.
  23. ^ (in Russian) Russia and the problem of Kurds Archived February 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Leezenberg, Michiel (2014). Soviet Orientalism and Subaltern Linguistics: The Rise and Fall of Marr's Japhetic Theory. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 107.
  25. ^ "DAĞLIK KARABAĞ – Kürt'ün evine turist olarak bile gidemediği yer..." www.rudaw.net. Retrieved April 29, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ "Азербайджан взял под контроль Лачин спустя 28 лет". Caucasian Knot (in Russian). December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  27. ^ "Azerbaijani troops enter Lachin district in Nagorno-Karabakh". TASS. November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  28. ^ a b c Vendik, Yuri (November 17, 2020). "Армяне оставляют Лачин, несмотря на конец войны в Карабахе и прибытие российских миротворцев". BBC Russian Service (in Russian). Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  29. ^ a b "Laçın – məğrur rayonun hekayəsi". BBC Azerbaijani Service (in Azerbaijani). December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  30. ^ Steele, Jonathan (May 25, 1992). "Eyewitness: Armenia's looters follow its troops into Azerbaijan - Tit-for-tat pillage of deserted Lachin succeeds a war that may not yet be over". The Guardian.
  31. ^ Seely, Robert (May 25, 1992). "Armenian looters burn down village". The Times. p. 8.
  32. ^ CountryWatch - Interesting Facts Of The World Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Press release issued by the Registrar of the Court. "Azerbaijani refugees' rights violated by lack of access to their property located in district controlled by Armenia". European Court of Human Rights. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  34. ^ a b "Laçın şəhəri ermənilərdəmi qalır? Ermənilərə belə deyilib, amma onlar şəhəri tərk edir". BBC Azerbaijani Service (in Azerbaijani). November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  35. RFERL.org. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    . December 1, 2020.
  36. ^ "Azərbaycan Müdafiə Nazirliyi Laçında dövlət bayrağının asılması barədə video yayıb". BBC Azerbaijani Service (in Azerbaijani). December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  37. ^ "Laçın şəhərinin videogörüntüləri".
  38. ^ "İlham Əliyev: "Yeni dəhliz hazır olandan sonra Laçın şəhəri bizə qaytarılacaq"". BBC Azerbaijani Service (in Azerbaijani). December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  39. ^ "Курдистанский уезд 1926". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru.
  40. ^ "Лачинский район 1939". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru.
  41. ^ "Лачинский район 1959". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru.
  42. ^ "Лачинский район 1970". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru.
  43. ^ "Лачинский район 1979". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru.
  44. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". demoscope.ru.
  45. ^ http://census.stat-nkr.am/nkr/1-1.pdf
  46. ^ "Urban communities of the NKR" (PDF). stat-nkr.am. National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. January 1, 2015. p. 13.
  47. ^ Лачин, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  48. ^ "Azerbaijan Protests California Town’s Recognition of Nagorno-Karabakh." RIA Novosti. December 6, 2013.

Bibliography

  • Е. М. Поспелов (Ye. M. Pospelov). "Имена городов: вчера и сегодня (1917–1992). Топонимический словарь." (City Names: Yesterday and Today (1917–1992). Toponymic Dictionary." Москва, "Русские словари", 1993.

External links

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