Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)
Julfa
Culfa Ջուղա Jugha | |
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City and Municipality | |
Culfa | |
UTC+4 (AZT ) |
Julfa (Azerbaijani: Culfa),[a] formerly Jugha (Armenian: Ջուղա, also transliterated as Djugha), is a city and the capital of the Julfa District of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.
Julfa is separated by the
Both the absolute minimum temperature (−33 °C or −27.4 °F) and the absolute maximum temperature (46 °C or 114.8 °F) were observed in Julfa (and also in Ordubad).[2]
History
The city is known as Jugha (Armenian: Ջուղա)[b] in Armenian. The modern-day town of Julfa is located a few kilometers east of the ruins of the historical settlement of Julfa/Jugha, which are situated on a rocky strip of land in between the left bank of the Aras and a steep mountain range.[4][5] The medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi wrote that Julfa was founded by the king of Armenia, Tigranes,[c] using prisoners he took after defeating the Median king Astyages (Azhdahak in the Armenian tradition).[4][6][7] The 18th-century Armenian Catholicos Lazar I wrote that some of the inhabitants of the medieval Armenian capital of Ani migrated to Julfa after the former's destruction, leading to the misconception that Julfa was founded after the destruction of Ani.[7]
Existing as a village in the early
In 1603, during the
According to 17th-century chronicler Arakel of Tabriz,[14] the edict stated that they had three days to leave or face being massacred. Another eyewitness, Augustus Badjetsi, Bishop of Nakhijevan, wrote:[15]
[The Persians entered the Armenian villages] like thunder from the sky... We left houses full of goods, the herds in the fields ... the entire population was turned out of their land ... how many were pushed out at the point of swords and spears ... their moans and groans reaching the skies.
About three thousand families were deported from Julfa, and many drowned while attempting to cross the Aras. After the deportation was completed, the town was destroyed by fire to prevent the inhabitants from returning.
In 1606, the second deportation was made of inhabitants that had escaped the first deportation.[citation needed]
In the 17th century, a
The town became part of the
The Persian Corridor ran through Julfa during World War II, bringing supplies from other Allied nations into the Soviet Union.[18]
During the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the status of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1988 to 1994, the remaining Armenian population (which had been slowly declining due to emigration during the Soviet era) was either evacuated or was forcibly deported to Armenia.[19]
Old Julfa and Julfa cemetery
At the beginning of the 20th century, the remains of the medieval settlement included a massive ruined bridge, two large
In the 1970s, according to
Destruction
Between 1998 and 2006 the entire cemetery was destroyed. The various stages of the destruction process were documented by photographic and video evidence taken from the Iranian side of the border.[21][22][23] However, the government and state officials of Azerbaijan have denied that any destruction has taken place, stating that "an Armenian cemetery never existed on the site and that Armenians have never lived in Julfa". Azerbaijan has, to date, refused to allow investigators access to the site.[24] The European Parliament formally called on Azerbaijan to stop the demolition as a breach of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention.[25] According to its resolution regarding cultural monuments in the South Caucasus, the European Parliament "condemns strongly the destruction of the Julfa cemetery as well as the destruction of all sites of historical importance that has taken place on Armenian or Azerbaijani territory, and condemns any such action that seeks to destroy cultural heritage."[26] In 2006, Azerbaijan barred the European Parliament from inspecting and examining the ancient site,[27] stating that by passing the previously mentioned resolution the Parliament had committed a hostile act against Azerbaijan. The Institute for War and Peace Reporting reported on April 19, 2006, that "there is nothing left of the celebrated stone crosses of Jugha."[28]
After several more postponed visits, a renewed attempt was planned by Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) inspectors for August 29 - September 6, 2007, led by British MP Edward O'Hara. As well as Nakhchivan, the delegation would visit Baku, Yerevan, Tbilisi, and Nagorno Karabakh.[29] The inspectors planned to visit Nagorno Karabakh via Armenia, and had arranged transport to facilitate this. However, on August 28, the head of the Azerbaijani delegation to PACE released a demand that the inspectors must enter Nagorno Karabakh via Azerbaijan. On August 29, PACE Secretary General Mateo Sorinas announced that the visit had to be cancelled because of the difficulty in accessing Nagorno Karabagh using the route required by Azerbaijan. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Armenia issued a statement saying that Azerbaijan had stopped the visit "due solely to their intent to veil the demolition of Armenian monuments in Nakhijevan".[30]
In culture
The sudden and dramatic downfall of Old Julfa in the 17th century made a deep and lasting impression on Armenian society and culture. During the 19th century, poets such
References
Notes
- ^ Also referred to as Djulfa,[1] Dzhul’fa, Jolfa, Dzhulfa, Džulfa, Jolfā, Jolfā-ye Nakhjavān (Persian: جلفای نخجوان)
- ^ Ջուղայ using pre-reform spelling. Sometimes transliterated as Djugha[3]
- ^ Likely a combination of actual kings of Armenia Tigranes I and/or Tigranes II with elements of legend
Citations
- ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam, by Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Union académique internationale - 1960- p. 275
- ^ Mahmudov, Rza. "Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic". Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1983, pp. 549-550.
- ^ a b Hakobyan, T. Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, St. T.; Barseghyan, H. Kh. (1998). Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenian and adjacent territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 4. Yerevan: Yerevan State University. pp. 426–427.
- ^ a b c Ghougassian, Vazken S. “JULFA i. SAFAVID PERIOD,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, XV/2, pp. 217–224 and XV/3, pp. 225–231.
- ^ a b "Dzhul'fa". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-05-11.
- ^ a b Ayvazyan, Argam (1984). Jugha (in Armenian). Yerevan: Sovetakan grogh. Archived from the original on 2022-03-02 – via armeniahouse.org.
- ^ Армяно-Иранские связи в эпоху правления шаха Аббаса Первого. Родионова Е. М. 2007 Archived 2010-02-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ^ Visions of Ararat, By Christopher J. Walker, p. 13
- ^ a b c Джульфа (город в Нахич. АССР), Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ^ Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha and Armenian Studies, By Michael E. Stone, p. 810
- ^ "Словарь современных географических названий. Статьи на букву "Д" (часть 2, "ДЕШ"-"ДНЕ")". otpusk-info.ru.
- ^ History, Arakel Vardapet Davrizhetsi, Vagharshapat, 1896
- ^ Quotes are from the English translation in Aivazian's Djugha - the original source being Choice Selections from Armenian Chronicles, K. Patakanian, St. Petersburg, 1884, page 6 (in Armenian)
- ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 г. "Населенные места Российской империи в 500 и более жителей с указанием всего наличного в них населения и числа жителей преобладающих вероисповеданий, по данным первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г.", Санкт-Петербург, 1905, стр. 53
- ^ "Text of the Treaty of Kars" (PDF).
- ^ "The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia". history.army.mil. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
- ^ Yuri Rost, Armenian Tragedy, London 1990, p81.
- ^ "The Medieval City of Jugha", Lucy Der Manuelian and Steven Sim, in "The Destruction of Jugha", Berne, 2006. p19-46.
- ^ "World Watches In Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture". The Art Newspaper. 2006-05-25. Archived from the original on 2006-09-11. Retrieved 2006-05-25.
- ^ "Tragedy on the Araxes". Archaeology. 2006-06-30. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- ^ "Armenica: Destruction of Armenian Khatchkars in Old Jougha (Nakhichevan)". www.armenica.org.
- ^ "Will the arrested minister become new leader of opposition? Azerbaijani press digest". REGNUM News Agency. 2006-01-20. Retrieved 2006-01-20.
- ^ "P6_TA(2006)0028". wayback.archive-it.org. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Texts adopted - Cultural heritage in Azerbaijan - Thursday, 16 February 2006". www.europarl.europa.eu.
- ^ Castle, Stephen (2006-05-30). "Azerbaijan 'Flattened' Sacred Armenian Site". London: The Independent. Archived from the original on 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2006-05-30.
- ^ "Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2006-04-19.
- ^ "Pace Mission to Monitor Cultural Monuments", S. Agayeva, Trend News Agency, Azerbaijan, Aug 22 2007.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, Press Release 29-08-2007.
Further reading
- (in Armenian) Ayvazyan, Argam. Ջուղա (Jugha). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Sovetakan Grogh, 1984.
- Argam Aivazian, Nakhijevan: Book of Monuments / Նախիջեւան. գիրք հուշարձանաց, Yerevan, 1990. OCLC 26842386
- Baltrušaitis, Jurgisand Dickran Kouymjian. "Julfa on the Arax and Its Funerary Monuments" in Études Arméniennes/Armenian Studies In Memoriam Haig Berberian. Lisbon: Galouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1986.
- Switzerland-Armenia Parliamentary Group, The Destruction of Jugha, Bern, 2006.
- Pickman, Sarah (June 30, 2006). "Tragedy on the Araxes". Archaeology Magazine.
- ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2006/2007 (June 2007). "ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2006/2007: Destruction of the Armenian Cemetery at Djulfa" (PDF). )
External links
- Julfa, Azerbaijan (city) at GEOnet Names Server
- Azerbaijani vandalism against Armenian cultural monuments in Old Julfa tape on YouTube.
- Old Jugha page on Armeniapedia
- Djulfa Virtual Memorial and Museum Documenting Cultural Destruction in Nakhchivan
- Destruction of Jugha khachkars by Azeri soldiers captured in photos and movie clips.
- Regnum News Agency report. giving response of Azerbaijan to reports of the destruction of the cemetery.
- IWPR report by a reporter who did not actually visit the graveyard site.
- The New Tears of Araxes Documents the destruction of thousands of ancient Armenian headstones by the Azerbaijani authorities in Julfa (Jugha), Nakhchivan.