Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: Difference between revisions
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The memoirs of the Soviet diplomat [[Simon Aralov]] mention a conversation between Aralov and Atatürk, where Aralov says he was born in 1880, and Atatürk responds "just like me".{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} |
The memoirs of the Soviet diplomat [[Simon Aralov]] mention a conversation between Aralov and Atatürk, where Aralov says he was born in 1880, and Atatürk responds "just like me".{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} |
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Atatürk's last official [[identity document]] ({{lang-tr|nüfus cüzdanı}}) does not include the day and month, but the year 1881 is visible.<ref name="ahmetakyol.net"/> It is exhibited in the [[Atatürk Museum, Şişli|Atatürk Museum]] in [[Şişli]].<ref name="ahmetakyol.net">{{cite web| |
Atatürk's last official [[identity document]] ({{lang-tr|nüfus cüzdanı}}) does not include the day and month, but the year 1881 is visible.<ref name="ahmetakyol.net"/> It is exhibited in the [[Atatürk Museum, Şişli|Atatürk Museum]] in [[Şişli]].<ref name="ahmetakyol.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ahmetakyol.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=224&Itemid=45|title=Atatürk'ün Doğum Tarihi|language=Turkish|accessdate=2011-07-09}}</ref> The Republic of Turkey announced May 19, 1881 officially to the public and diplomatically to other countries as his accepted birthday.<ref name="ahmetakyol.net"/> |
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==Nationality== |
==Nationality== |
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The [[Ottoman Empire]] was not a [[national state]] and the records were not kept based on nationality, but on religion. The rise of nationalism in Europe had [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|extended to the Ottoman Empire]] during the 19th century and the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet system]] began to degrade. Atatürk's parents and relatives used [[Turkish language|Turkish]] as their native language and were part of the [[Islam in the Ottoman Empire|Muslim millet]].<ref>Mango, Atatürk, 27</ref> His father Ali Rıza is thought to |
The [[Ottoman Empire]] was not a [[national state]] and the records were not kept based on nationality, but on religion. The rise of nationalism in Europe had [[Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire|extended to the Ottoman Empire]] during the 19th century and the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet system]] began to degrade. Atatürk's parents and relatives used [[Turkish language|Turkish]] as their native language and were part of the [[Islam in the Ottoman Empire|Muslim millet]].<ref>Mango, Atatürk, 27</ref> His father Ali Rıza is thought by some to have been of [[Albanians|Albanian]] origin;<ref>Mango, Andrew, ''Ataturk: the biography of the founder of modern Turkey'', (Overlook TP, 2002), p. 27.</ref><ref>Lou Giaffo: ''Albania: eye of the Balkan vortex''{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref name="The Rising Crescent">Jackh, Ernest, ''The Rising Crescent'', (Goemaere Press, 2007), [{{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Pxs-DAIVxqYC|page=31}} p. 31, ''Turkish mother and Albanian father'']</ref><ref name="p. 144">Isaac Frederick Marcosson, ''Turbulent Years'', Ayer Publishing, 1969, [{{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=399LkTqBLdAC|page=144}} p. 144.]</ref><ref>Richmond, Yale, ''From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans'', (Intercultural Press Inc., 1995), p. 212.</ref> however, according to Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamik D. Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz, Ali Rıza's ancestors were [[Turkish people|Turks]], ultimately descending from [[Söke]] in the [[Aydın Province]] of [[Anatolia]].<ref name="Çankaya17">Falih Fırkı Atay, ''Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar'', İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 17. {{Tr icon}}</ref><ref>Vamik D. Volkan & Norman Itzkowitz, ''Ölümsüz Atatürk'' (''Immortal Ataturk''), Bağlam Yayınları, 1998, ISBN 975-7696-97-8, p. 37, dipnote no. 6 (Atay, 1980, s. 17)</ref> His mother Zübeyde is thought to have been of [[Turkish people|Turkish]] origin<ref name="The Rising Crescent"/><ref name="p. 144"/> and according to [[Şevket Süreyya Aydemir]], she was of [[Yörük]] ancestry.<ref>Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, ''Tek Adam: Mustafa Kemal'', Birinci Cilt (1st vol.): 1881–1919, 14th ed., Remzi Kitabevi, 1997; ISBN 975-14-0212-3, p. 31. {{Tr icon}}</ref> There are also some suggestions about his partial Slavic origin.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=nofUu5tvJ18C|page=7}}|title=Great leaders, great tyrants?: Contemporary views of World rulers who made history, Arnold Blumberg, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995; ISBN 0313287511, p. 7|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=TqvvQGHl5CUC|page=2}}|title=His Story: Mustafa Kemal and Turkish Revolution, A. Baran Dural, iUniverse, 2007; ISBN 0595412513, pp. 1–2|date=August 29, 2007|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>''Whether, like most Macedonians, he had about him a touch of the hybrid —perhaps of the Slav or Albanian—can only be a matter for surmise.''Ataturk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey'', by Baron Patrick Balfour Kinross, Quill/Morrow, 1992; ISBN 0688112838, p. 8.</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Atatürk was born during the [[Belle Époque]] of [[Western culture|European civilization]]. [[Russian history, 1855–1892|Russia was implementing reforms]]; Japan opened [[Foreign relations of Meiji Japan|its doors to the West]] during the [[Meiji Restoration]]. The Ottoman Empire was going through transformation. [[Ottoman military reform efforts]], like the contemporaneous [[Modernization of Japanese Military 1868–1931]], managed to develop a modern army. Racial, regional, ethnic and national stereotypes were part of discourse throughout the world. Ottoman people were not immune to these developments and there was a [[rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire]]. |
Atatürk was born during the [[Belle Époque]] of [[Western culture|European civilization]]. [[Russian history, 1855–1892|Russia was implementing reforms]]; Japan opened [[Foreign relations of Meiji Japan|its doors to the West]] during the [[Meiji Restoration]]. The Ottoman Empire was going through transformation. [[Ottoman military reform efforts]], like the contemporaneous [[Modernization of Japanese Military 1868–1931]], managed to develop a modern army. Racial, regional, ethnic and national stereotypes were part of discourse throughout the world. Ottoman people were not immune to these developments and there was a [[rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire]]. |
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The Ottoman |
The Ottoman State's Islamic dynamicism, which had propelled it to its golden age, had been weakened by Turkish nationalism. Conservatism was strong both in government and society. Although the empire was transforming itself, the [[Hippocratic school of medicine]], [[Ptolemaic astronomy]] and geography, and other branches of [[medieval studies]] were still in force. Many of these studies had been first amended, then discarded in western Europe with the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. Except for [[Military history of Europe|European military technology]], the penetration of European ideas and practices into Turkey was slow.{{cn}} |
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===Preparatory school=== |
===Preparatory school=== |
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[[File:Ataturk, Ottoman War Academy, 1901.jpg|thumb|1901, student at [[Ottoman War Academy]]]] |
[[File:Ataturk, Ottoman War Academy, 1901.jpg|thumb|1901, student at [[Ottoman War Academy]]]] |
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[[File:Monastir Military High School.jpg|thumb|[[Monastir Military High School]]]] |
[[File:Monastir Military High School.jpg|thumb|[[Monastir Military High School]]]] |
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Atatürk wanted to attend the military school. As a young boy, he admired the Western-style uniforms of the military officers. He enrolled to the military junior high school {{lang-tr|Selânik Askerî Rüştiyesi}} in Selânik. In 1896, he enrolled in the [[Monastir Military High School]]. Monastir is today's [[Bitola]], in the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. Both of these regions saw discontent and revolts towards the Ottoman administration. |
Atatürk wanted to attend the military school. As a young boy, he admired the Western-style uniforms of the military officers. He enrolled to the military junior high school {{lang-tr|Selânik Askerî Rüştiyesi}} in Selânik. In 1896, he enrolled in the [[Monastir Military High School]]. Monastir is today's [[Bitola]], in the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. Both of these regions saw discontent and revolts towards the Ottoman administration.{{cn}} |
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On March 13, 1899, he enrolled in the Ottoman War Academy in [[Istanbul]] ({{lang-tr|Mekteb-i Harbiye-i Şahane}}). It was a boarding school with dormitories within its premises. The military school was strictly controlled by [[Abdülhamid II]]. Newspapers were not allowed in the school, and textbooks were the only accepted books. The school not only taught military skills but also religious practices and social work. The curriculum at this school demanded either donating money or working for charity. He graduated from the Ottoman War Academy in 1902.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} |
On March 13, 1899, he enrolled in the Ottoman War Academy in [[Istanbul]] ({{lang-tr|Mekteb-i Harbiye-i Şahane}}). It was a boarding school with dormitories within its premises. The military school was strictly controlled by [[Abdülhamid II]]. Newspapers were not allowed in the school, and textbooks were the only accepted books. The school not only taught military skills but also religious practices and social work. The curriculum at this school demanded either donating money or working for charity. He graduated from the Ottoman War Academy in 1902.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} |
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[[File:SigirtmacMustafa.jpg|thumb|200px|Yalovalı Sığırtmaç Mustafa (Mustafa Demir, 1918–1987)]] |
[[File:SigirtmacMustafa.jpg|thumb|200px|Yalovalı Sığırtmaç Mustafa (Mustafa Demir, 1918–1987)]] |
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One of his quotes was "Children are a new beginning of tomorrow." He established April 23 as "[[Children's day#Turkey|Children's Day]]" and May 19 as "Youth and Sports Day". Children's Day commemorates the opening of Turkish National Assembly in 1920. The designation of Children's Day came in 1929 upon the recommendation of the [[Institution of Children's Protection]]. Both days are celebrated today. Youth and Sports Day is a national holiday in Turkey.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} He had no biological children from this marriage |
One of his quotes was "Children are a new beginning of tomorrow." He established April 23 as "[[Children's day#Turkey|Children's Day]]" and May 19 as "Youth and Sports Day". Children's Day commemorates the opening of Turkish National Assembly in 1920. The designation of Children's Day came in 1929 upon the recommendation of the [[Institution of Children's Protection]]. Both days are celebrated today. Youth and Sports Day is a national holiday in Turkey.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} |
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He had no biological children from this marriage but had seven adopted daughters and one son. The names of his children were Zehra Aylin, Sabiha (Gökçen), Rukiye (Erkin), Afet (İnan), Nebile (Bayyurt), Fikriye, Ülkü (Doğançay, later Adatepe), and Mustafa. Additionally, he had two children under his protection, Abdurrahim Tunçak and İhsan.<ref name=terraanatolia>[http://www.terra-anatolia.com/eng/turkey/ataturk_2.htm Terra Anatolia—Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938)], terra-anatolia.com; accessed 1 April 2015.</ref> |
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In 1916, Atatürk took Abdurrahim, aged eight, under his protection. There is a photograph showing Atatürk with his uniform during his assignment in Diyarbakir accompanied with the early teenage Abdurrahim. Abdurrahim was entrusted to Zübeyde Hanim's care. He did not remember his biological parents. This brought questions if he was left an orphan during the [[Caucasus Campaign]]. Abdurrahim stated his earliest memories belong to the Zübeyde Hanim's house in Akarether. Atatürk gave the surname Tunçak to Abdurrahim.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} |
In 1916, Atatürk took Abdurrahim, aged eight, under his protection. There is a photograph showing Atatürk with his uniform during his assignment in Diyarbakir accompanied with the early teenage Abdurrahim. Abdurrahim was entrusted to Zübeyde Hanim's care. He did not remember his biological parents. This brought questions if he was left an orphan during the [[Caucasus Campaign]]. Abdurrahim stated his earliest memories belong to the Zübeyde Hanim's house in Akarether. Atatürk gave the surname Tunçak to Abdurrahim.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} |
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He attached importance to his horse ''Sakarya'' and his dog ''Fox''. He was also anecdotally linked to preservation of [[Turkish Angora]] after an article in the ''Turkey's Reader's Digest'' reportedly claimed that Atatürk said "his successor would be bitten on the ankle by an odd-eyed white cat.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2007-11-26|url=http://www.petpublishing.com/catkit/breeds/angora.shtml |title=Turkish Angora A Zoological Delight |publisher="Pet Publishing Inc."}}</ref> |
He attached importance to his horse ''Sakarya'' and his dog ''Fox''. He was also anecdotally linked to preservation of [[Turkish Angora]] after an article in the ''Turkey's Reader's Digest'' reportedly claimed that Atatürk said "his successor would be bitten on the ankle by an odd-eyed white cat.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2007-11-26|url=http://www.petpublishing.com/catkit/breeds/angora.shtml |title=Turkish Angora A Zoological Delight |publisher="Pet Publishing Inc."}}</ref> |
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Atatürk established the Atatürk Forest Ranch "[[Atatürk Orman Çiftliği]]" in 1925. He wanted to have a modern farm in the suburbs of the capital including a green haven ([[arboretum]]) for people.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2007-11-26|url=http://www.aoc.gov.tr/tarihce.html|title=History of Ataturk Orman Ciftigi|[email protected]|quote="Yeşili görmeyen gözler renk zevkinden mahrumdur. Burasını öyle ağaçlandırınız ki kör bir insan dahi yeşillikler arsında olduğunu fark etsin" düşüncesi Atatürk Orman Çiftliği'nin kurulmasında en önemli etken olmuştur.|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071010040005/http://www.aoc.gov.tr/tarihce.html|archivedate=2007-10-10}}</ref> The Atatürk Forest Ranch developed a program to introduce domesticated livestock and horticulture in 1933. As a consequence of children being interested in the animals Atatürk involved in developing a program which then became known as "Ankara Zoo. |
Atatürk established the Atatürk Forest Ranch "[[Atatürk Orman Çiftliği]]" in 1925. He wanted to have a modern farm in the suburbs of the capital including a green haven ([[arboretum]]) for people.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2007-11-26|url=http://www.aoc.gov.tr/tarihce.html|title=History of Ataturk Orman Ciftigi|[email protected]|quote="Yeşili görmeyen gözler renk zevkinden mahrumdur. Burasını öyle ağaçlandırınız ki kör bir insan dahi yeşillikler arsında olduğunu fark etsin" düşüncesi Atatürk Orman Çiftliği'nin kurulmasında en önemli etken olmuştur.|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071010040005/http://www.aoc.gov.tr/tarihce.html|archivedate=2007-10-10}}</ref> The Atatürk Forest Ranch developed a program to introduce domesticated livestock and horticulture in 1933. As a consequence of children being interested in the animals Atatürk involved in developing a program which then became known as "Ankara Zoo. The modern zoo which took 12 years in making, first of its kind in Turkey, gave a chance to people observe animals beyond the boundaries of [[Circus]] and [[Fair]]s. Atatürk, with his smallest adopted daughter "Ulku" spend his time at the Forest Ranch and throughout the development stages of the Zoo until he died in 1938. The official opening was in 1945.{{cn}} |
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==Religious beliefs== |
==Religious beliefs== |
Revision as of 11:50, 5 May 2015
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Lâtife (1923–25) | |
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Children | 7 (adopted) |
Parent(s) | Ali Rıza Efendi Zübeyde Hanım |
Relatives | sister Makbule (Atadan) |
Signature | |
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The achievements, personality, and personal life of
Mustafa Kemal's personality has been an important subject both for scholars and the general public.
Name
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. (April 2015) |
In Turkish tradition, names have additional honorary or memorial values besides their grammatical identification function. It is possible to translate a name from Turkish to other languages, but care should be given as names' form varies from one language to another. Atatürk had
, was a common name at that time.Young Mustafa studied at the military junior high school in Salonica (Salonica Military School), where his mathematics teacher Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Sabri Bey gave him the additional name Kemal ("perfection") because of his academic excellence.[2] Therefore he became known as "Mustafa Kemal". In later years, it would be required that all Turkish citizens were to take a surname, the surname "Atatürk", which means "Father of Turks", was given to Mustafa Kemal by the Turkish people in accordance with his reforms and his success in creating a modern Turkish country, thus becoming known as "Atatürk".[3]
On November 27, 1911, Mustafa Kemal was promoted to the rank of Binbaşı (command of a thousand soldier). In Ottoman military ranks,
On September 19, 1921, the
On June 21, 1934, the
The GNAT consecutively established the "Atatürk" as a unique surname. The surname Atatürk may be used only by "Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk". The surname Atatürk can be divided into two parts: Ata and Türk. Ata means "father" or "ancestor", while Türk means "Turk" or "Turkish people." Thus, "Atatürk" is best translated as "Father of Turkish People". The current common use in Turkey as well as abroad is to refer to him by his last name Atatürk.[citation needed]
List of names and titles
- Birth: Mustafa
- 1911: Mustafa Kemal Bey
- 1916: Mustafa Kemal Pasha
- 1921: Gazi Mustafa Kemal
- 1934: Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Birth date
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_993_815_seri_numaral%C4%B1_n%C3%BCfus_c%C3%BCzdan%C4%B1.jpg/300px-Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_993_815_seri_numaral%C4%B1_n%C3%BCfus_c%C3%BCzdan%C4%B1.jpg)
Due to differences between calendars of the period, Atatürk's precise birth date is not known. The Ottoman Empire recognized the
Atatürk's birth date was recorded in the public records of Turkish
Atatürk was told by his mother that he was born on a spring day.[citation needed] Yet, his younger sister Makbule Atadan was told by others that he was born at night during a thunderstorm.[citation needed] Faik Reşit Unat received differing responses from Zübeyde Hanım's neighbors at Salonika. Some claimed that he was born on a spring day, but others stated on a winter day during either January or February. A date that has gained some acceptance is May 19, a date which originated with the historian Reşit Saffet Atabinen. May 19 is the symbolic start of the Turkish Independence War, and Atabinen linked Atatürk's birth day to the start of the Independence War – a gesture which Atatürk appreciated.[citation needed] There was even a plan to establish a "Gazi" day. Another story about this date is that a teacher asked Atatürk his birth date, that he responded he did not know it, and that the teacher suggested May 19. Then again, there are two ways to interpret this; the "Gregorian May 19, 1881" would imply Rumî March 1, 1297, which conflicts with the only recorded information, Rumî 1296. It is also possible to say "Rumi May 19, 1296", which implies a date in the Gregorian year 1880.
Some sources ignore the day and month altogether, and print his birth date as Gregorian 1880/81. Other claims are:
- Enver Behnan Şapolyo claimed that Atatürk was born on Gregorian December 23, 1880.[citation needed]
- Şevket Süreyya Aydemir claimed that he was born on Gregorian January 4, 1881.[citation needed]
- Muhtar Kumral, former head of the Mustafa Kemal association, claimed that he was born on Gregorian March 13, 1881, and stated they used Makbule Atadan. A conversion from Gregorian to Rumî sets the day in Rumî to March 1, 1297. The validity of this claim is questionable, since the written record states Rumi 1296, not 1297.[6]
- Tevfik Rüştü Aras claimed that Atatürk was born between May 10, and May 20,. He also stated that this information was shared with Atatürk, and that Atatürk responded "Why not May 19."[citation needed]
The memoirs of the Soviet diplomat
Atatürk's last official identity document (Turkish: nüfus cüzdanı) does not include the day and month, but the year 1881 is visible.[6] It is exhibited in the Atatürk Museum in Şişli.[6] The Republic of Turkey announced May 19, 1881 officially to the public and diplomatically to other countries as his accepted birthday.[6]
Nationality
The
Early life
Atatürk was born during the
The Ottoman State's Islamic dynamicism, which had propelled it to its golden age, had been weakened by Turkish nationalism. Conservatism was strong both in government and society. Although the empire was transforming itself, the
Preparatory school
Ali Rıza Bey's desire was to send Atatürk to the newly opened Şemsi Efendi Jewish Donmeh school (Rucholigè School). Şemsi Efendi school had a contemporary education program. Zübeyde Hanım wanted him to attend a traditional school. The traditional Muslim schools had programs based on mostly prayers and hymns. This caused arguments within the family. He was first enrolled in a traditional religious school. Later switched to a modern civic preparatory school, Rucholigè School.
In 1888, Ali Rıza Efendi died at an age of 47. Atatürk was 7 years old. Zübeyde Hanım was 31. Zübeyde Hanım and her two children lived with her brother Hüseyin for a period. Hüseyin was the manager of a farm outside Salonika. Mustafa worked on the farm.
Zübeyde Hanım married Ragıp Bey. Ragıp Bey was also a widower with four children. Atatürk liked Sureyya. His other step brother was employed by
Military education
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Monastir_Military_High_School.jpg/220px-Monastir_Military_High_School.jpg)
Atatürk wanted to attend the military school. As a young boy, he admired the Western-style uniforms of the military officers. He enrolled to the military junior high school
On March 13, 1899, he enrolled in the Ottoman War Academy in
On February 10, 1902, he enrolled in the Ottoman Staff College in Istanbul, from which he graduated on January 11, 1905. There were two officer tracks in the Ottoman imperial army. One of them was the officers "educated within the army itself", Alaylı, and the other consisted of officers trained in modern military schools, Mektepli. He was a "school trained" officer. School educated officers had a strong ideological imprint toward family and country, and he had shown tendencies toward both. When he joined the Ottoman Army, he had already passed 13 years of military education.[citation needed]
Family
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. (April 2015) |
Zübeyde Hanım's first child was Fatma, then Ömer, later Ahmet was born. They all died in early childhood. Mustafa was the fourth child. Makbule followed him in 1885. Their sister Naciye was born in 1889. Naciye was lost to childhood tuberculosis.[citation needed]
Ragıp Bey had four children from his first marriage. In sequence, child1?, Surreyya, Hasan, and child4? were born. Sureeyya died during World War One. Ragip Bey had a brother Colonel Husamettin. He and Vasfiye Hanım had a daughter named Fikriye (1897 – May 31, 1924).[19] Of the 9 siblings, five sharing at least one parent, only his biological sister, Makbule (1885–1956), survived him.
Hacı Abdullah Ağa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
İbrahim Ağa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Güzel Ayşe Hanım | Feyzullah Ağa | ?? | Hafız Ahmet Efendi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Husamettin[citation needed] | Hüseyin Efendi | Hasan Efendi | Mehmet ESER | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ragıp Bey | Zübeyde Hanım | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fikriye | Step 1 | Fatma | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sureeyya | Ömer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hasan | Ahmet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Step 2 | Latife | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Makbule | Abdurrahim (p) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Naciye | Sabiha (a) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rukiye (a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Zehra (a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Afet (a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fikriye (a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ülkü (a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nebile | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wife
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/MustafaKemalPasha%26LatifeHanim%26Family_early1923.jpg/200px-MustafaKemalPasha%26LatifeHanim%26Family_early1923.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ataturk-latife-2.jpg/200px-Ataturk-latife-2.jpg)
Atatürk married only once, to
Atatürk met Latife during the recapture of
In Turkish culture, the groom asks his family or respected people, with whom he has close relationships, to perform this act. Latife did not cover her face during the wedding, though during this period it was the tradition for brides to do so. They did not have a honeymoon just after the wedding. The elections for the parliament were coming. He received the representatives of local newspapers next day of his wedding. He prepared for his public speech on February 2. The honeymoon, an Anatolian tour, was a chance to show his wife's unveiled face as a role model for modern Turkish women. "It's not just a honeymoon, it's a lesson in reform," one observer remarked.[20]
As a
Latife insisted on accompanying him to the eastern towns even though the wives of other officials stopped at Samsun and did not travel further to the devastated east. The attention of Atatürk was directed to conventional gatherings. The balance was hard to establish. At Erzurum, Latife and Kemal reached a breaking point. They had a public quarrel. Atatürk asked Latife to go to Ankara, with his trusted ADC Salih Bozok. They were divorced on August 5, 1925. The circumstances of their divorce remain publicly unknown. A 25-year-old court order banned the publishing of his former wife's diaries and letters, which might have contained information on the matter. The Turkish History Foundation kept the letters since 1975. Upon expiration of the court order, the Turkish History Foundation said that Latife Uşaklıgil's family demanded that the letters were not to be disclosed.[22]
Children
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Atat%C3%BCrk_dancing_at_a_wedding.jpg/200px-Atat%C3%BCrk_dancing_at_a_wedding.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ZehraRukiyeSabiha.jpg/200px-ZehraRukiyeSabiha.jpg)
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One of his quotes was "Children are a new beginning of tomorrow." He established April 23 as "
He had no biological children from this marriage but had seven adopted daughters and one son. The names of his children were Zehra Aylin, Sabiha (Gökçen), Rukiye (Erkin), Afet (İnan), Nebile (Bayyurt), Fikriye, Ülkü (Doğançay, later Adatepe), and Mustafa. Additionally, he had two children under his protection, Abdurrahim Tunçak and İhsan.[23]
In 1916, Atatürk took Abdurrahim, aged eight, under his protection. There is a photograph showing Atatürk with his uniform during his assignment in Diyarbakir accompanied with the early teenage Abdurrahim. Abdurrahim was entrusted to Zübeyde Hanim's care. He did not remember his biological parents. This brought questions if he was left an orphan during the
In 1924, Zehra from Amasya, Rukiye from Konya came under his protection. She fell to her death from a train near Amiens on November 20, 1935. France police inquiry concluded that it was a suicide rather than an accident. On September 22, 1925, Atatürk adopted a 12-year-old girl Sabiha (aged 12), an orphan who approached him at Bursa train station. She was sent to Russia for training.[citation needed]
On October 25, 1925, Atatürk met an 18-year-old girl,
In 1935, Atatürk met a three-year-old girl, Ülkü. She was the child of a retainer of his mother and the stationmaster. She was the only daughter that stayed close to him until a few weeks before his death.
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According to Atatürk:
There is one trait I have had since my childhood. In the house where I lived. I never liked to spend time with my sister or with a friend. Since my childhood I have always preferred to be alone and independent, that is how I always lived. I have another trait: I have never had any patience with any advice or admonition which my mother – my father died very early – my sister or any of my closest relatives pressed on me according to their lights. People who live with their families know that there are never short of innocent and sincere warnings from left and right. There are only two ways of dealing with them. You either ignore them or obey them. I believe neither way is right[24]
One changing view about Atatürk is his foresightedness, foster and promotion of the leadership among Turkish revolutionaries.[25] Initial reviews depict him as an unchallanged leader, the single man. Recent studies analyze the period from the populist perspective. His leadership activities had extending effects on the political, social and cultural context of the Republic.[25] These studies gives clues on his abilities to foster the cooperation among different people, such as in the "History of National Struggle Volumes I through V".[26] His significance during independence was cited for his ability to unify people. It is pointed out that organizations in the countryside for resistance against occupation was happening effectively before his involvement. His ability to channel people did not. The foundation for the civilian participation in the government [parliament being never closed during his reign] and establishment of civic society [his insistence of keeping military out of daily politics] are cited having the roots in the Kemal's presidency, not after.[25] The failed reforms of the regional countries, after the passage of its leaders, were generally used as an example of the Atatürk's leadership among the Turkish Revolutionaries. His effect lasted many years after his passage.[citation needed]
Love of nature
He attached importance to his horse Sakarya and his dog Fox. He was also anecdotally linked to preservation of Turkish Angora after an article in the Turkey's Reader's Digest reportedly claimed that Atatürk said "his successor would be bitten on the ankle by an odd-eyed white cat.[27]
Atatürk established the Atatürk Forest Ranch "
Religious beliefs
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According to his book Nutuk (Speech), he was a Muslim,
In his youth, he underwent religious training, though it was brief. His military training included religious imprinting. He knew the Arabic language well enough to understand and interpret the Quran. He studied the "History of Islam" by
General perception
Atatürk's speeches and publications criticized religious ideology.[30] He viewed religion as an unnecessary and avoidable institution within public life. [citation needed] He stated that religion should be in conformity with reason, science and logic. The problem was not religion, but how believers understood and applied religion. True religion could not be understood as long as false prophets isolated and religious knowledge is enlightened. The only way to deal with false prophets was to deal with the Turkish people's illiteracy and prejudice.[39]
Religion and the individual
Religion, particularly Islam, was between an individual and God in Atatürk's eyes.
Atatürk was not against religion but what he perceived as all Ottoman religious and cultural elements that brought limits to people's self being.[41] He concentrated his reforms (regarding popular sovereignty) against obstacles for the individual choices being reflected in the social life. He viewed civil law and abolition of the caliphate as required for reflection of individual choices. He perceived religion as a matter of conscience, a problem of worship, but not politics. The best response on this issue comes from himself:
"Religion is a matter of conscience. One is always free to act according to the will of one's conscience. We (as a nation) are respectful of religion. It is not our intention to curtail freedom of worship, but rather to ensure that matters of religion and those of the state do not become intertwined.[42]"
Atatürk believed in
"Religion and politics
According to historian Kemal Karpat, the movements that perceive Islam as a political movement or particularly the view of Islam as a political religion hold the position that Atatürk was not a Muslim (true believer or religious Muslim). It is normal that this perspective was adapted, Karpat says. "He was not against Islam, but those who are against his political power using the religious arguments.[1]"
He is a weak ruler who needs religion to uphold his government; it is as if he would catch his people in a trap. My people are going to learn the teachings of science. Let them worship as they will; every man can follow his own conscience, provided it does not interfere with sane reason or bid him act against the liberty of his fellow man.[45]
Religion and law
Many years later, when Turkey had become more secular and modern, he gave a public speech in which he criticized Islamic law as the views of an 'immoral Arab':
For nearly five hundred years, these rules and theories [regarding civil and criminal law] of an Arab Shaikh and the interpretations of generations of lazy and good-for-nothing priests have decided the civil and criminal law of Turkey. They have decided the form of the Constitution, the details of the lives of each Turk, his food, his hours of rising and sleeping the shape of his clothes, the routine of the midwife who produced his children, what he learned in his schools, his customs, his thoughts-even his most intimate habits. This theology of an immoral Arab [presented as Islam] is a dead thing. Possibly it might have suited tribes in the desert. It is no good for modern, progressive state. God's revelation! There is no God! These are only the chains by which the priests and bad rulers bound the people down. A ruler who needs religion is a weaklings. No weaklings should rule![46]
Mustafa Kemal described the religion of Islam as the religion of Arabs in his own work titled Medenî Bilgiler:
Even before accepting the religion of the Arabs, the Turks were a great nation. After accepting the religion of the Arabs, this religion, didn't effect to combine the Arabs, the Persians and Egyptians with the Turks to constitute a nation. (This religion) rather, loosened the national nexus of Turkish nation, got national excitement numb. This was very natural. Because the purpose of the religion founded by Muhammad, over all nations, was to drag to an including Arab national politics.[47]
Last days, 1937–1938
During 1937, indications of Atatürk's worsening health started to appear. In the early 1938, while he was on a trip to Yalova, he suffered from a serious illness. After a short period of treatment in Yalova, an apparent improvement in his health was observed, but his condition again worsened following his journeys first to Ankara, and then to Mersin and Adana. Upon his return to Ankara in May, he was recommended to go to İstanbul for treatment, where he was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. [citation needed]
During his stay in İstanbul, he made an effort to keep up with his regular lifestyle for a while, heading the Council of Ministers meeting, working on the
Death and Funeral
Atatürk died at the
On November 1953, Mustafa Kemal's remains were taken from the
His lifestyle had always been strenuous. Alcohol consumption during dinner discussions, smoking, long hours of hard work, very little sleep, and working on his projects and dreams had been his way of life. As the historian Will Durant had said, "men devoted to war, politics, and public life wear out fast, and all three had been the passion of Atatürk."
Will
In his
Publications
Atatürk published many books and kept a journal throughout his military carrier. Atatürk’s daily journals and military notes during the Ottoman period were published as a single collection. Another collection covered the period between 1923 and 1937 and indexes all the documents, notes, memorandums, communications (as a President) under multiple volumes, titled Atatürk'ün Bütün Eserleri ("All of the Works of Atatürk").
The list of books edited and authored by Atatürk is given below ordered by the date of publication.
- "Tâbiye Meselesinin Halli ve Emirlerin Sureti Tahririne Dair Nesayih"
- "Takımın Muharebe Talimi", published in 1908 (Translation from German)
- "Cumalı Ordugâhı—Süvari: Bölük, Alay, Liva Talim ve Manevraları", published in 1909
- "Tâbiye ve Tatbikat Seyahati", published in 1911
- "Bölüğün Muharebe Talimi", published in 1912 (Translation from German)
- "Zabit ve Kumandan ile Hasbihal", published in 1918
- "Nutuk", by Mustafa Kemal, published in 1927
- "Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler", published in 1930 (For high school civic classes)
- "Geometry", by Mustafa Kemal, published in 1937 (For high school math classes)
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Karpat, "The Personality of Ataturk", pp. 893–99.
- ^ Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914, p. 393; ISBN 978-0-313-33404-7
- ^ Profile, smithsonianmag.com; accessed March 28, 2015.
- ^ Turkish Justice Department website, Article Ataturk
- ^ Zürcher, Erik Jan (1984). The Unionist factor: the rôle of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905–1926. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 106.
- ^ a b c d "Atatürk'ün Doğum Tarihi" (in Turkish). Retrieved July 9, 2011.
- ^ Mango, Atatürk, 27
- ^ Mango, Andrew, Ataturk: the biography of the founder of modern Turkey, (Overlook TP, 2002), p. 27.
- ^ Lou Giaffo: Albania: eye of the Balkan vortex[page needed]
- ^ a b Jackh, Ernest, The Rising Crescent, (Goemaere Press, 2007), p. 31, Turkish mother and Albanian father
- ^ a b Isaac Frederick Marcosson, Turbulent Years, Ayer Publishing, 1969, p. 144.
- ^ Richmond, Yale, From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans, (Intercultural Press Inc., 1995), p. 212.
- ^ Falih Fırkı Atay, Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar, İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 17. Template:Tr icon
- ^ Vamik D. Volkan & Norman Itzkowitz, Ölümsüz Atatürk (Immortal Ataturk), Bağlam Yayınları, 1998, ISBN 975-7696-97-8, p. 37, dipnote no. 6 (Atay, 1980, s. 17)
- ^ Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam: Mustafa Kemal, Birinci Cilt (1st vol.): 1881–1919, 14th ed., Remzi Kitabevi, 1997; ISBN 975-14-0212-3, p. 31. Template:Tr icon
- ^ Great leaders, great tyrants?: Contemporary views of World rulers who made history, Arnold Blumberg, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995; ISBN 0313287511, p. 7. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
- ^ His Story: Mustafa Kemal and Turkish Revolution, A. Baran Dural, iUniverse, 2007; ISBN 0595412513, pp. 1–2. August 29, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
- ^ Whether, like most Macedonians, he had about him a touch of the hybrid —perhaps of the Slav or Albanian—can only be a matter for surmise.Ataturk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey, by Baron Patrick Balfour Kinross, Quill/Morrow, 1992; ISBN 0688112838, p. 8.
- ^ Mango, Atatürk, p. 38
- ^ a b Turgut, Pelin (July 1, 2006). "Turkey in the 21st century: The Legacy Of Mrs Ataturk". The Independent. UK. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
- Turkish Daily News. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
- ^ BBC News Atatürk diaries to remain secret, bbc.co.uk, February 4, 2005.
- ^ Terra Anatolia—Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), terra-anatolia.com; accessed 1 April 2015.
- ^ Şevket, Tek Adam: Cilt I, Page: 20
- ^ a b c Karpat, "The Personality of Ataturk" page 897-898
- ^ Mahmut Goloğlu, (1971) Milli Mucadele Tarihi 5 Cilt (The history of national Struggle volumes I through V)
- ^ "Turkish Angora A Zoological Delight". "Pet Publishing Inc.". Retrieved November 26, 2007.
- ^ "History of Ataturk Orman Ciftigi". [email protected]. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2007.
"Yeşili görmeyen gözler renk zevkinden mahrumdur. Burasını öyle ağaçlandırınız ki kör bir insan dahi yeşillikler arsında olduğunu fark etsin" düşüncesi Atatürk Orman Çiftliği'nin kurulmasında en önemli etken olmuştur.
- ^ Kemal Ataturk, "The Great Speech", Ataturk Research Center, 2005; ISBN 9789751616777, pp. 106-108
- ^ a b c Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı (1993) "Atatürk And The Religion Of Islam" Ataturk Aarastirma Merkezi Dergisi, Sayı 26, Cilt: IX.
- ^ Prof. Utkan Kocatürk, Atatürk'ün Fikir ve Düşünceleri (Atatürk ve Din Eğitimi, A. Gürtaş, p. 26), Ataturk Research Center, 2007; ISBN 9799751618008
- ^ Prof. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı, "Atatürk'ün Din ve Laiklik Anlayışı", Ataturk Research Center, 2012; ISBN 978-975-16-2490-1, p. 86
- ^ Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeleri, Ankara 1959, 2. Baskı, II, 66-67; s. 90. III, 70
- ^ Reşat Kasaba, "Atatürk", The Cambridge history of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World, Cambridge University Press, 2008; ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3 p. 163; accessed March 27, 2015.
- ^ Political Islam in Turkey by Gareth Jenkins, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 84; ISBN 0230612458
- ^ Atheism, Brief Insights Series by Julian Baggini, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009; ISBN 1402768826, p. 106.
- ^ Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide, John Calvert John, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008; ISBN 0313338566, p. 19.
- ^ Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of the secular Turkish Republic said: "I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..." The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011, ISBN 0739167936, p. 146.
- ^ Nutuk, vol. 11, p. 708.
- ^ Fığlalı "Atatürk And The Religion Of Islam"; "But to mention that religion is a matter of relationship and communication between Allah and his servant" [recited from Kılıç Ali, Atatürk'ün Hususiyetleri, Ankara, 1930, p. 116]
- ^ ISBN 90-04-07070-2. page 217
- ^ M.Orhan Tarhan "Should Government Teach Religion?" The Atatürk Society of America
- ^ Kılıç Ali, Atatürk'ün Hususiyetleri, Ankara, 1930, p. 57
- ^ A. Afet İnan, M. Kemal Atatürk'ten Yazdıklarım, İstanbul, 1971, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Ruşen Eşref Ünaydin, 1954, "Atatürk -Tarih ve Dil Kurumları Hatıraları", Türk Tarih Kurumu, pp. 28-31.
- ^ Harold Courtenay Armstrong. Grey Wolf: Mustafa Kemal – An intimate study of a dictator (1932), pp. 199–200.
- ^ Afet İnan, Medenî Bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1998, p. 364.
- ^ "Kemal Atatürk". NNDB. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
- ^ http://www.bizimantalya.com/haber-26047-_Ataturk39_un_vefat_yil_donumu_onun_icin_ayri_onem_tasiyor_#.VHnhdMn-vzg
- ^ http://dosyalar.hurriyet.com.tr/hur/turk/98/11/10/gundem/04gun.htm
- ^ Mango, Atatürk 526
- ^ a b "The Burial of Atatürk". Time Magazine. November 23, 1953. pp. 37–39. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
References
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- Prints
- Vamik D. Volkan and Norman Iskowitz (1984). The Immortal Atatürk. A Psychobiography. London; New York: Univ. Chicago Press. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-226-86389-4.
- ISBN 1-58567-334-X.
- ISBN 978-0-7195-6592-2.
- Şevket, Süreyya Aydemir (2003). Tek Adam: Cilt I. Remzi Kitabevi. ISBN 975-14-0672-2.
- Journals
- Karpat, Kemal H.; Volkan, Vamik D.; Itzkowitz, Norman (October 1985). "The Personality of Ataturk". The American Historical Review. 90 (4). New York: Macmillan: 893–899. JSTOR 1858844.
- Volkan, Vamik D. (1981). "Immortal Atatürk—Narcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader". Psychoanalytic Study of Society. 9. New York: Psychohistory Press: 221–255. OCLC 60448681.
- Fığlalı, Ethem Ruhi (1993). "Atatürk And The Religion Of Islam". Atatürk Arastirma Dergisi. IX (26). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Başkanlığı.
- News
- "The Burial of Atatürk". Time Magazine. November 23, 1953. pp. 37–39. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
- Web
- "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk". Turkish Embassy website. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
- "Kemal Öz Adlı Cümhur Reisimize Verilen Soyadı Hakkında Kanun (The law about to be given surname "Atatürk" to our President which self the name Kemal)" (PDF) (in Turkish). Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry General Directorate of Development of Legislation and Publication website (Legislation of Turkey, duties of Directorate, how to search a legislation, Official Gazette). December 24, 1934. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
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