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Mārdava (Sanskrit: मार्दव) means mildness, softness, gentleness, kindness, weakness and pliancy.^[1]

In

Tapas (तप) (penance, deep meditation), Dama (दम) (subduing the senses by restraining the sense-organs), Satya (सत्य) (truth in speech and act), and Tyāga (त्याग) (renunciation of desire).^[2]

In

Tattvārthasūtra (IX.6) lists mārdava (modesty) as one of the ten aspects of the highest dharma .^[4]

Dharma (dharma-pratipatti).^[6]

Patanjali mentions mārdava as a low pitch along with anvavavasarga and udutā khasya; he explains this word as svarasya mridutā or snigdhatā (smoothness of sound).^[7]

References

^ Sanskrit-English Dictionary.
^ Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World Vol.3. Concept Publishing. p. 744.
^ "Uttama Mardava Dharma". Jain Heritage Centres. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Buddhist Philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 64.
^ B.K.S.Iyengar. Astadala Yogamala Vol.1. Allied Publishers. p. 124.
^ Bibhuti Barua. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. Sarup & sons. p. 13.
^ The Astadhyayi of Panini. Sahitya Akademi. p. 51.

[1] Sanskrit-English Dictionary.

[2] Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World Vol.3. Concept Publishing. p. 744.

[3] "Uttama Mardava Dharma". Jain Heritage Centres. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[4] Buddhist Philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 64.

[5] B.K.S.Iyengar. Astadala Yogamala Vol.1. Allied Publishers. p. 124.

[6] Bibhuti Barua. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. Sarup & sons. p. 13.

[7] The Astadhyayi of Panini. Sahitya Akademi. p. 51.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 In [[Hinduism]], there are eight ''aśtopāyas'', or eight ways of attaining [[moksha]], and ''Mārdava'' is one of them, the other seven being – ''[[Yajna]]'' (यज्ञ) (sacrifices), ''[[Dāna]]'' (दान) (charity), ''Vedadhyayana'' (the study of the Vedas), ''[[Tapas (Sanskrit)|Tapas]]'' (तप) (penance, deep meditation), ''[[Uparati|Dama]]'' (दम) (subduing the senses by restraining the sense-organs), ''[[Satya]]'' (सत्य) (truth in speech and act), and ''[[Tyāga]]'' (त्याग) (renunciation of desire).<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World Vol.3|publisher=Concept Publishing|page=744|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&pg=PA744&lpg=PA744&dq=mardava++hinduism&source=bl&ots=k1KkDvZVz4&sig=JrPZW-iyRWPazoaz1S0oL9iE_3E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VsECVdrPLc-VuASym4GQCA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=mardava%20%20hinduism&f=false }}</ref>
-In [[Jainism]], ''mārdava'' or compassion or supreme tenderness or humility, which is part of Right Belief, is a means to destroy vanity or egotism which gives rise to many evils which defile the virtues of our soul; it is held that humility is the foundation of compassion and the basis for salvation. With the eight kinds of pride totally avoided, knowledge brings humility.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttama Mardava Dharma|publisher=Jain Heritage Centres|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/jainism/jain-festivals/dashalakshana-parva/1149-uttama-mardava-dharma-supreme-tenderness}}</ref> [[Tattvārthasūtra]] (IX.6) lists ''mārdava'' (modesty) as one of the ten aspects of the highest '' [[Dharma (Jainism)|dharma]] ''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Buddhist Philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=64|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5WHHJ6O7b-IC&pg=PA64&dq=mardava&hl=en&sa=X&ei=coQBVdy-C4-0uATY9ICoAg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=mardava&f=false}}</ref>
+In [[Jainism]], ''mārdava'' or compassion or supreme tenderness or humility, which is part of Right Belief, is a means to destroy vanity or egotism which gives rise to many evils which defile the virtues of our soul; it is held that humility is the foundation of compassion and the basis for salvation. With the eight kinds of pride totally avoided, knowledge brings humility.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttama Mardava Dharma|publisher=Jain Heritage Centres|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/jainism/jain-festivals/dashalakshana-parva/1149-uttama-mardava-dharma-supreme-tenderness|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114511/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/jainism/jain-festivals/dashalakshana-parva/1149-uttama-mardava-dharma-supreme-tenderness|archivedate=2015-04-02|df=}}</ref> [[Tattvārthasūtra]] (IX.6) lists ''mārdava'' (modesty) as one of the ten aspects of the highest '' [[Dharma (Jainism)|dharma]] ''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Buddhist Philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=64|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5WHHJ6O7b-IC&pg=PA64&dq=mardava&hl=en&sa=X&ei=coQBVdy-C4-0uATY9ICoAg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=mardava&f=false}}</ref>
 [[Bhagavad Gita]] (XVI.1-3) also classifies ''mārdava'' as a divine quality<ref>{{cite book|title=Astadala Yogamala Vol.1|author=B.K.S.Iyengar|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=124|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zp3n--MlL9wC&pg=PA124&dq=mardava&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CoUBVd-wHc3iuQSJp4GoAg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBTge#v=onepage&q=mardava&f=false}}</ref> and the [[Buddhist]]s consider ''mārdava'' as the realization of [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]] (''dharma-pratipatti'').<ref>{{cite book|title=Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism|author=Bibhuti Barua|publisher=Sarup & sons|page=13|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=s1PZAMD13SMC&pg=PA13&dq=mardava+++buddhism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UoMCVYqnAczauQSZzoK4DA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=mardava%20%20%20buddhism&f=false }}</ref>