Lee Teng-hui

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For the former president of Fudan University with the same name, see Li Denghui.

Template:Chinese name

President of the Republic of China
In office
13 January 1988 – 20 May 2000
Premier
Vice President
Preceded by
Chairman of the Kuomintang
In office
27 July 1988 – 24 March 2000
Acting： 13 January 1988 – 27 July 1988
Preceded byChiang Ching-kuo
Succeeded byLien Chan
11th Chairman of Taiwan Provincial Government
In office
5 December 1981 – 20 May 1984
Preceded byLin Yang-kang
Succeeded by
Mayor of Taipei
In office
9 June 1978 – 5 December 1981
Preceded byLin Yang-kang
Succeeded byShao En-hsin (邵恩新)
Minister without portfolio
In office
1 June 1972 – 1 June 1978
PremierChiang Ching-kuo
Personal details
Born(1923-01-15)15 January 1923
Sanzhi, Taihoku Prefecture, Japanese Taiwan (now Taiwan)
Died30 July 2020(2020-07-30) (aged 97)
Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
Nationality
Political party
Independent
(2001–2020)
Other political
affiliations
SpouseTseng Wen-hui (1949–2020; his death)
Education
OccupationEconomist, politician
Military service
Allegiance 
Second World War
Chinese name
Tâi-lô
Lí Ting-hui
Japanese nameKanji李 登輝
岩里政男Kanaり とうき
いわさと まさお

Lee Teng-hui (

Taiwanese localization movement
, and led an ambitious foreign policy to gain allies around the world.

After leaving office Lee was expelled from the KMT for his role in founding the pro-independence Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU), which forms part of the Pan-Green Coalition alongside Taiwan's Democratic Progressive Party. Lee was considered the "spiritual leader" of the TSU,[1] and recruited for the party in the past.[2] Nicknamed “Mr. Democracy”, Lee was outspoken in support of Taiwanese Independence from China and came to be known as the founding father Taiwan's democratic era. Living until the age of 97 years, 197 days, at the time of his death he was the oldest living Taiwanese President and second longest living President of the Republic of China after Wellington Koo who lived to 97 years, 289 days.

Early life and education

Lee Teng-hui, junior high school student days wearing kendo armor.[3]
Lee Teng-hui (right) and his brother, Lee Teng-chin (left)

Lee was born in the rural farming community of

Kyoto Imperial University.[6]

During his school days, he learned

Tokyo firebombing of March 1945.[9] Lee stayed in Japan after the surrender and graduated from Kyoto Imperial University in 1946.[4]

After

Communist Party of China (CPC) for two stints, in September 1946 and October or November 1947, both times briefly.[10] Lee began the New Democracy Association with four others.[11] This group was absorbed by the CPC,[12][13] and Lee officially left the party in September 1948.[14] In a 2002 interview Lee himself admitted that he had been a Communist.[15] In that same interview Lee said that he had strongly opposed Communism for a long time because he understood the theory well and knew that it was doomed to fail. Lee stated that he joined the Communists out of hatred for the KMT.[15]

In 1953, Lee received a master's degree in

East Asian Studies at National Chengchi University.[18]

In the mid-1960s Lee returned to the United States, and earned a

PhD in agricultural economics from Cornell University[4] in 1968. His advisor was John Williams Mellor. Lee's doctoral dissertation, Intersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, 1895–1960 (published as a book under the same name) was honored as the year's best doctoral thesis by the American Association of Agricultural Economics and remains an influential work on Taiwan's economy during the Japanese and early KMT periods.[19]

Lee encountered Christianity as a young man and in 1961 was baptised.[20] For most of the rest of his political career, despite holding high office, Lee made a habit of giving sermons at churches around Taiwan, mostly on apolitical themes of service and humility.[21] He was a member of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan.[22]

Lee spoke Mandarin Chinese, Taiwanese Hokkien, English,[23] and Japanese.[24] It has been claimed that he was more proficient in Japanese than he was in Mandarin.[25]

Rise to power

Shortly after returning to Taiwan, Lee joined the KMT in 1971[26] and was made a cabinet minister without portfolio responsible for agriculture.[27][28]

In 1978 Lee was appointed mayor of Taipei,[29] where he solved water shortages and improved the city's irrigation problems. In 1981, he became governor of Taiwan Province[29] and made further irrigation improvements.

As a skilled

National Assembly in 1984.[29]

Presidency

13th National Congress of Kuomintang in July 1988, Lee named 31 members of the Central Committee, 16 of whom were bensheng ren: for the first time, bensheng ren held a majority in what was then a powerful policy-making body.[31]

As he consolidated power during the early years of his presidency, Lee allowed his rivals within the KMT to occupy positions of influence:

foreign minister and Shirley Kuo as finance minister.[33]

1990 saw the arrival of the Wild Lily student movement on behalf of full democracy for Taiwan.[35] Thousands of Taiwanese students demonstrated for democratic reforms.[35] The demonstrations culminated in a sit-in demonstration by over 300,000 students at Memorial Square in Taipei.[35] Students called for direct elections of the national president and vice president and for a new election for all legislative seats. On 21 March Lee welcomed some of the students to the Presidential Building.[35] He expressed his support of their goals and pledged his commitment to full democracy in Taiwan.[citation needed] The moment is regarded by supporters of democracy in Taiwan as perhaps his finest moment in office.[citation needed] Gatherings recalling the student movement are regularly held around Taiwan every 21 March.[citation needed]

In May 1991 Lee spearheaded a drive to eliminate the

Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion, laws put in place following the KMT arrival in 1949 that suspended the democratic functions of the government.[36] In December 1991, the original members of the Legislative Yuan, elected to represent mainland China constituencies in 1948, were forced to resign and new elections were held to apportion more seats to the bensheng ren.[37] The elections forced Hau Pei-tsun from the premiership,[34] a position he was given in exchange for his tacit support of Lee. He was replaced by Lien Chan, then an ally of Lee.[34]

The prospect of the first island-wide

election, sending missiles over the island to express its dissatisfaction should the Taiwanese people vote for Lee.[38] The military actions disrupted trade and shipping lines and caused a temporary dip in the Asian stock market. Ironically, the 1996 missile launches boosted support for Lee instead. Lee's overall stance on Taiwanese independence during the election cycle was characterized as "deliberately vague".[39]

On 23 March 1996, Lee became the first popularly elected ROC president with 54% of the vote.[40] Many people who worked or resided in other countries made special trips back to the island to vote. In addition to the president, the governor of Taiwan Province and the mayors of Taipei and Kaohsiung (as leaders of provincial level divisions they were formerly appointed by the president) became popularly elected.[40]

1996 Republic of China presidential election
Result
President Candidate Vice President Candidate Party Votes %
Lee Teng-hui Lien Chan Kuomintang 5,813,699 54.0
Peng Ming-min Frank Hsieh Democratic Progressive Party 2,274,586 21.1
Lin Yang-kang Hau Pei-tsun Independent 1,603,790 14.9
Chen Li-an Wang Ching-feng Independent 1,074,044 9.9
Invalid/blank votes 117,160
Total 10,883,279 100

Lee, in an interview that same year, expressed his view that a

special state-to-state relationship existed between Taiwan and mainland China that all negotiations between the two sides of the Strait needed to observe.[41] As president, he attempted to further reform the government. Controversially, he attempted to remove the provincial level of government and proposed that lower level government officials be appointed, not elected.[42]

Lee, observing constitutional term limits he had helped enact, stepped down from the presidency at the end of his term in 2000. That year

national election with 39% of the vote in a three-way race. Chen's victory marked an end to KMT rule and the first peaceful transfer of power in Taiwan's new democratic system.[citation needed
]

Supporters of rival candidates Lien Chan and James Soong accused Lee of setting up the split in the KMT that had enabled Chen to win.[43] Lee had promoted the uncharismatic Lien over the popular Soong as the KMT candidate. Soong had subsequently run as an independent and was expelled from the KMT. The number of votes garnered by both Soong and Lien would have accounted for approximately 60% of the vote while individually the candidates placed behind Chen.[44] Protests were staged in front of the KMT party headquarters in Taipei.[44] Fuelling this anger were the persistent suspicions following Lee throughout his presidency that he secretly supported Taiwan independence and that he was intentionally sabotaging the Kuomintang from above.[45] Lee resigned his chairmanship on 24 March.[44]

Lee Teng-hui, during his presidency, supported the Taiwanese localization movement.[46] The Taiwanization movement has its roots in Japanese rule founded during the Japanese era and sought to put emphasis on vernacular Taiwanese culture in Taiwan as the center of people's lives as opposed to Nationalist China. During the Chiang era, China was promoted as the center of an ideology that would build a Chinese national outlook in a people who had once considered themselves Japanese subjects. Taiwan was often relegated to a backwater province of China in the KMT-supported history books. People were discouraged from studying local Taiwanese customs, which were to be replaced by mainstream Chinese customs. Lee sought to turn Taiwan into a center rather than an appendage. This shift was widely supported in Taiwan and found expression in Taiwanese literature movement. He further stated that he believed a Chinese identity and a Taiwanese identity were ultimately incompatible, a notion controversial in the KMT, even among those members who generally supported Taiwanization.[citation needed]

South China Sea dispute

Under Lee Teng-hui, it was stated that "legally, historically, geographically, or in reality", all of the South China Sea and Spratly islands were the territory of the Republic of China and under ROC sovereignty, and denounced actions undertaken there by Malaysia and the Philippines, in a statement on 13 July 1999 released by the foreign ministry of Taiwan.[47] The claims made by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China "mirror" each other.[48] During international talks involving the Spratly islands, the PRC and ROC have sometimes made efforts to coordinate their positions with each other since both have the same claims.[48][49]

Post-presidency

Since resigning the chairmanship of the KMT, Lee stated a number of political positions and ideas which he did not mention while he was President, but which he appeared to have privately maintained. After Lee endorsed the new formed Pan-Green Taiwan Solidarity Union candidates which the party was formed by part of his KMT allies, he was expelled from KMT on 21 September 2001.[50]

Lee publicly supported the Name Rectification Campaigns in Taiwan and proposed changing the name of the country from the Republic of China to the Republic of Taiwan.[51] He generally opposed unlimited economic ties with mainland China, though he supported free trade.[citation needed]

During the

2004 Presidential campaign, President Chen Shui-bian publicly campaigned with Lee Teng-hui and developed a campaign platform, including a call for a new constitution adopted by referendum, which could be interpreted as an opportunity to make the symbolic changes which Lee supported. There was concern in the United States and in the People's Republic of China that Chen would be supportive of Lee's positions, a belief which was reinforced by Lee's own actions while President and by Lee's public statements that Chen Shui-bian agreed with him.[citation needed
]

The concern shared between the United States and the People's Republic of China was the possible unilateral change of the cross-strait status quo by President Chen, leading to a public rebuke of Chen from the United States President George W. Bush in December 2003. It is believed that this rebuke in part was intended to challenge the notion, which Lee had advanced, that American support of Taiwan was unconditional. After his close election in March 2004, Chen moved to distance himself from Lee, by stating explicitly that his regime's constitutional reforms would not rename "The Republic of China" to Taiwan. The difference in the two leaders' positions was further highlighted by Chen's stated intent to establish greater economic links with the mainland.[citation needed]

In February 2007 Lee shocked the media when he revealed that he did not support Taiwanese independence, when he was widely seen as the spiritual leader of the pro-independence movement.[52] Lee also said that he supported opening up trade and tourism with the mainland, a position he had opposed before. Lee later explained that Taiwan already enjoys de facto independence and that political maneuvering over details of expressing it is counterproductive. He maintains that "Taiwan should seek 'normalization' by changing its name and amending its constitution."[53]

Relations with Japan

An avid Japanophile, Lee enjoyed a warm relationship with the people and culture of Japan. Taiwan was governed by Japan from 1895 to 1945 and natives of the island who grew up in that period, such as Lee, attended schools where Japanese language, songs, and stories were taught. Lee's father was a middle-level Japanese police aide; his older brother died serving in the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II and is listed in the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo. During his youth Lee had a Japanese name, Iwasato Masao (岩里政男).[54] Lee spoke fondly of his upbringing and his teachers and was welcomed in visits to Japan since leaving office. Lee's admiration and enjoyment of all things Japanese was the target of criticism from the Pan-Blue Coalition[55] in Taiwan, as well as from China,[56] due to the anti-Japanese sentiment formed during and after World War II. However, this animosity fell in later years, especially in Taiwan.[57][58]

In 1989 he received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award.[59]

In August 2001, Lee said of Junichiro Koizumi's controversial visit to Yasukuni Shrine, "It is natural for a premier of a country to commemorate the souls of people who lost their lives for their country."[60] In a May 2007 trip to Japan, Lee visited the shrine himself to pay tribute to his older brother. Controversy rose because the shrine also enshrines World War II Class A criminals among the other soldiers.[61]

During the

2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations, on 13 September 2012, Lee remarked, "The Senkaku Islands, no matter whether in the past, for now or in the future, certainly belong to Japan."[62][63] Ten years previously, he had stated, "The Senkaku Islands are the territory of Japan."[64] In September 2014, Lee expressed support for a Japanese equivalent to the United States' Taiwan Relations Act,[65] which was discussed in the Japanese Diet in February,[66][67] though the idea was first proposed by Chen Shui-bian in 2006.[68]

In 2014, Lee said in a Japanese right-wing magazine SAPIO published by

Nanjing massacre to the world ... Korea and China use invented history as their activity of propaganda for their country. Comfort women is the most remarkable example."[69] In 2015, Lee said "The issue of Taiwanese comfort women is already solved" in the Japanese magazine Voice (published by PHP Institute), and was strongly criticized by Chen Yi-xin, spokesman of the Presidential Office as "not ignorant but cold-blooded". Chen added, "If Lee Teng-hui really thinks the issue of comfort women is solved, go to a theater and see Song of the Reed."[70]

Lee meeting Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen in 2016

In July 2015, Lee visited Japan, and again stated that Japan has full sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands.[71][72] This was the first time Lee made remarks of this nature while in Japan. Members of both the New Party and Kuomintang accused him of treason. New Party leader Yok Mu-ming filed charges of treason against Lee,[73] while the KMT's Lai Shyh-bao called a caucus meeting to seek revisions to the Act Governing Preferential Treatment for Retired presidents and Vice presidents, aimed at denying Lee privileges as a former president.[74]

Lee also stated that Taiwanese people were "subjects of Japan" and that Taiwan and Japan were "one country", sparking much criticism from both mainland China and the Pan-Blue Coalition.[75]

Lee published a book, Remaining Life: My Life Journey and the Road of Taiwan's Democracy, in February 2016.[76][77] In it, he reasserted support for Japanese sovereignty claims over the Senkaku Islands, drawing complaints from the ROC Presidential Office,[78][79] President-elect Tsai Ing-wen,[80] and Yilan County fishermen.[81]

On 22 June 2018, he visited Japan again.[82]

Indictment

On 30 June 2011, Lee, along with former KMT financier Liu Tai-ying were indicted on graft and money-laundering charges and accused of embezzling US$7.79 million in public funds.[83][84] He was acquitted by the Taipei District Court on 15 November 2013.[85] Prosecutors appealed the ruling,[86] but on 20 August 2014, Lee was cleared of the charges again.[87][88]

Personal life

Newlyweds Lee Teng-hui and Tseng Wen-hui in front of a National Taiwan University dormitory

Lee was a

Presbyterian Christian, along with his wife.[22][89]

Family

Lee married Tseng Wen-hui on 9 February 1949,[21][90] with whom he had three children.[91] Their firstborn son Lee Hsien-wen (c. 1950 – 21 March 1982)[92][93] died of sinus cancer.[94] Daughters Anna and Annie, were born c. 1952 and c. 1954, respectively.[92]

Health

Shortly after stepping down from the presidency in 2000, Lee had coronary artery bypass surgery.[95] In late 2011, Lee underwent surgery to remove stage II colon adenocarcinoma, the most common form of colon cancer.[96] Two years later, he had a stent implanted in his vertebral artery following an occlusion.[97] Lee was sent to Taipei Veterans General Hospital in November 2015 after experiencing numbness in his right hand, and later diagnosed with a minor stroke.[98] On 29 November 2018, he was rushed to Taipei Veterans General Hospital after falling and hitting his head.[99] He was discharged from hospital on 31 January 2019, and President Tsai Ing-wen later visited him at his home.[100] On 8 February 2020, Lee was hospitalised at Taipei Veterans General Hospital after he choked while drinking milk and retained in the hospital under observation due to lung infection concerns.[101] Later, he was diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia caused by pulmonary infiltration, and was subsequently intubated.[102][103]

Death and legacy

Lee died of multiple organ failure and septic shock at Taipei Veterans General Hospital on 30 July 2020, aged 97.[104][105] He suffered from infections and cardiac problems since he was admitted to hospital in February.[106] A state funeral is being planned; a memorial at the Taipei Guest House where people may pay respects to Lee will be opened to the public until 16 August, after which Lee’s remains will be interred at Wuzhi Mountain Military Cemetery.

Lee had the nickname "Mr. Democracy" and Taiwan's "Father of Democracy" for his actions to democratize Taiwan's government and his opposition to China.[107][108]

Books

  • Lee, Teng-hui (1971). Intersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, 1895-1960. Cornell University Press.
    OCLC 1086842416
    .

See also

References

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  86. ^ 鄧桂芬 (10 July 2014). 國安密帳案 下月20日宣判 [Ruling on 20th of Next Month in National Security Secret Account Case]. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
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  96. ^ "Lee Teng-hui 'recovering well': hospital". Taipei Times. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
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Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lee Teng-hui.
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Political offices
Preceded by Mayor of Taipei
9 June 1978–5 December 1981 		Succeeded by
Governor of Taiwan Province

5 December 1981–20 May 1984 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Hsieh Tung-ming
 Vice President of the Republic of China
20 May 1984–13 January 1988 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Republic of China
13 January 1988–20 May 2000 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by
Chairman of the Kuomintang

1988–2000 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
New title
1996
(win)
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