Sporisorium reilianum
Sporisorium reilianum | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Ustilaginomycetes |
Order: | Ustilaginales |
Family: | Ustilaginaceae |
Genus: | Sporisorium |
Species: | S. reilianum
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Binomial name | |
Sporisorium reilianum (J.G. Kühn) Langdon & Full. (1978)
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Synonyms[1] | |
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Sporisorium reilianum (J.G. Kühn) Langdon & Full., (1978), previously known as Sphacelotheca reiliana, and Sporisorium reilianum, is a species of
.Hosts and symptoms
Sporisorium reilianum causes the diseases maize head
Symptoms of the fungus are expressed on both the tassels of corn and sorghum as well as on the actual ear in the form of large smut galls.
Life cycle
Sporisorium reilianum is noted to have a sexual stage in its disease cycle similar to that of Ustilago maydis. . These sporidia fuse due to a compatibility or likeness that induces the formation of dikaryotic mycelium, which is infectious and parasitic. This intracellular mycelium can be found invaded in parts of the flowering development of the corn, and S. reilianum can completely decrease floral tissue due to an ability to detect floral induction.
S. reilianum is biotrophic in that it depends on the maize or sorghum for growth and survival. The inflorescence of the male or female parts of the plants, female being the ear and the male being the tassel can be affected by the timing of infection by this species. Necrosis and disease development is most prevalent on the head of the infected host.[8]
Environment
Maize head smut occurs in most maize-growing areas, including many regions of North America, Australia, Asia, and southern Europe.
Management
Detection of S. reilianum is a key step toward the development of an effective disease management system. Conventional methods, including pathogen isolation and microscopic morphological study, are labor-intensive and cumbersome, and sometimes yield inconclusive results. Rapid, specific and sensitive molecular tools, such as PCR, are required for the detection and evaluation of S. reilianum.[11] In 1999 there was developed a DNA-based assay for the detection of S. reilianum and its differentiation from Ustilago maydis. More recently, in 2012, a method using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was established for identification of S. reilianum spores.[11]
Head smut can be controlled by use of resistant cultivars and seed treatment with fungicides. Foliar application of fungicides have not controlled the disease. Crop rotation is of questionable value because the smut spores can survive for long periods in the soil.
Importance
The pathogenic tendency of Sporisorium reilianum as illustrated above is to carry out its life cycle in congruence with the growth of either maize or sorghum as the host plant. For example, In place of ears of corn; plant-like sorus develop. The onset of this smut is sporadic and slowly progressive however disease severity is high. For example, a field of corn can have 10% infected with yield loss that has an 80% apparent infection rate.[13] Post infection treatment to eliminate or reduce the disease are marginally effective or ineffective. The massive crop loss that this pathogen can create is devastating to producers who are unaware of the teliospores overwintering in the soil; which, can survive for many years. Treatment of seeds with a fungicide during planting or prior to harvest is important to limit the spread of spores especially if high risk field areas known by the producer. It is important to limit transmission of spores to disease free areas via harvesting equipment or planting tools. The incidence of Sporisorium reilianum occurs in occurs in Africa, Europe, U.S., and China.[14] Fungicide use in the market today indicates that there are about 52 million acres of cereals lost worldwide a year.[14]
Pathogenesis
Sporosorium relianium has shown the ability to sense the presence of nearby plants. This pathogen always infects via the roots, and hyphal proliferation near the roots is a characterization of the early stage of this Fungal pathogen. During the Basido-phase, basidiospores grow as haploid saprophytic yeasts. These yeasts join to form dikaryotic hyphae which in turn infect the host plant via the roots. It has been demonstrated on two varieties of maize that plant root exudates impact the growth and branching of S. relianium endomycorrhizal fungi prior to fungal contact with the root.[8]
References
- ^ "GSD Species Synonymy: Sporisorium reilianum (J.G. Kühn) Langdon & Full., Mycotaxon 6(3): 452 (1978)". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
- ^ PMID 21156521.
- PMID 26419898.
- ^ a b "UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Head Smut on Corn". www.ipm.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
- ^ a b "head smut of maize (Sphacelotheca reiliana)". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
- ^ S2CID 29538026.
- ^ PMID 21653782.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 5535732.
- ^ .
- S2CID 84291940.
- ^ Frederiksen RA., 1977 Head smuts of corn and sorghum. In: Loden HA, Wilkinson D, eds. Proceedings of the Annual Corn Sorghum Research Conference, 32nd. Washington DC: American Seed Trade Association. p 89–105
- ^ ISBN 9780471242376.