Sorghum
Sorghum | |
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S. bicolor | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
Supertribe: | Andropogonodae |
Tribe: | Andropogoneae |
Subtribe: | Saccharinae |
Genus: | Sorghum Moench 1794, conserved name not Sorgum Adanson 1763 |
Type species | |
S. bicolor | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Sorghum (/ˈsɔːrɡəm/) or broomcorn is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the grass family (Poaceae). Some of these species are grown as cereals for human consumption, in pastures for animals as fodder, and as bristles for brooms.[2] Sorghum grain is a nutritious food rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, and minerals.
Sorghum is either cultivated in warm climates worldwide or naturalized in open plains.[3] In 2021, world production of sorghum was 61 million tonnes, with the United States as the leading grower.
History
Sorghum was domesticated from its wild ancestor more than 5,000 years ago in what is today Sudan. The newest evidence comes from an archaeological site near Kassala in eastern Sudan, dating from 3500 to 3000 BC, and is associated with the neolithic Butana Group culture.[4] It was the staple food of the kingdom of Alodia.[5]
Taxonomy
Sorghum is in the grass family, Poaceae, in the subfamily Panicoideae, in the tribe Andropogoneae – the same as maize (Zea mays), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi), and sugarcane (Saccharum spp.).
Species
Accepted species recorded include:[6]
- Sorghum amplum – northwestern Australia
- Sorghum angustum – Queensland
- Sorghum arundinaceum – Africa, Indian Subcontinent, Madagascar, islands of the western Indian Ocean
- Sorghum bicolor – cultivated sorghum, often individually called sorghum, also known as durra, jowari, or milo. Native to Sahel region of Africa; naturalized in many places
- Sorghum brachypodum – Northern Territory of Australia
- Sorghum bulbosum – Northern Territory, Western Australia
- Sorghum burmahicum – Thailand, Myanmar
- Sorghum controversum – India
- Sorghum × drummondii – Sahel and West Africa
- Sorghum ecarinatum – Northern Territory, Western Australia
- Sorghum exstans – Northern Territory of Australia
- Sorghum grande – Northern Territory, Queensland
- Sorghum halepense – Johnson grass – North Africa, islands of eastern Atlantic, southern Asia from Lebanon to Vietnam; naturalized in East Asia, Australia, the Americas
- Sorghum interjectum – Northern Territory, Western Australia
- Sorghum intrans – Northern Territory, Western Australia
- Sorghum laxiflorum – Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, New Guinea, northern Australia
- Sorghum leiocladum – Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria
- Sorghum macrospermum – Northern Territory of Australia
- Sorghum matarankense – Northern Territory, Western Australia
- Sorghum nitidum – East Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Micronesia
- Sorghum plumosum – Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia
- Sorghum propinquum – China, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Christmas Island, Micronesia, Cook Islands
- Sorghum purpureosericeum – Sahel from Mali to Tanzania; Yemen, Oman, India
- Sorghum stipoideum – Northern Territory, Western Australia
- Sorghum timorense – Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, New Guinea, northern Australia
- Sorghum trichocladum – Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras
- Sorghum versicolor – eastern + southern Africa from Ethiopia to Namibia; Oman
- Sorghum virgatum – dry regions from Senegal to the Levant.
Sorghum production – 2021 | |
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Country | (Millions of tonnes) |
United States | 11.4 |
India | 4.8 |
Ethiopia | 4.4 |
Mexico | 4.4 |
Argentina | 3.3 |
China | 3.0 |
World | 61.4 |
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[7]
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Genetics and genomics
Distribution and habitat
Seventeen of the 25 species are native to
Production
In 2021, world production of sorghum was 61 million tonnes, led by the United States with 19% of the total (table). India, Ethiopia, and Mexico were secondary producers.
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
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Energy | 329 kJ (79 kcal) |
72.1 g | |
Sugars | 2.53 g |
Dietary fiber | 6.7 g |
3.46 g | |
Saturated | 0.61 g |
Monounsaturated | 1.13 g |
Polyunsaturated | 1.56 g |
10.6 g | |
Niacin (B3) | 23% 3.69 mg |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 7% 0.367 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 26% 0.443 mg |
Folate (B9) | 5% 20 μg |
Vitamin C | 0% 0 mg |
Vitamin E | 3% 0.5 mg |
Copper | 32% 0.284 mg |
Iron | 19% 3.36 mg |
Magnesium | 39% 165 mg |
Manganese | 70% 1.6 mg |
Phosphorus | 23% 289 mg |
Potassium | 12% 363 mg |
Selenium | 22% 12.2 μg |
Sodium | 0% 2 mg |
Zinc | 15% 1.67 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 12.4 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[17] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[18] |
Toxicity
In the early stages of plant growth, some sorghum species may contain levels of hydrogen cyanide, hordenine, and nitrates lethal to grazing animals.[19] Plants stressed by drought or heat can also contain toxic levels of cyanide and nitrates at later stages in growth.[20]
Nutrition
The grain is edible and nutritious. It can be eaten raw when young and milky, but has to be boiled or ground into flour when mature.[21]
Sorghum grain is 72%
Use
Sorghum cultivation has been linked by archeological research to ancient Sudan around 6,000 to 7,000 BP.[22] One species, S. bicolor,[23] native to Africa with many cultivated forms,[24] is a common crop worldwide, used for food (in the form of grain or sorghum syrup), animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels.
In Nigeria, the pulverized red leaf-sheaths of sorghum have been used to dye leather, and in Algeria, sorghum has been used to dye wool.[25]
Polyphenols
All sorghums contain mixed polyphenols, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids.[26] Sorghum grains are one of the highest food sources of proanthocyanidins.[27]
Cultivation
Most varieties of sorghum are
International trade
In 2013,
References
- ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ISBN 978-81-322-2421-1, retrieved 1 June 2023
- ^ "Sorghum". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ "Earliest Evidence of Domesticated Sorghum Discovered". Science News. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-7141-1947-2.
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kewand Missouri Botanic Garden. 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ "Production of sorghum in 2021, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ^ S2CID 58600661.
- S2CID 233382115.
- S2CID 206248573.
- S2CID 3402991.
- S2CID 27363366.
- from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "Sorghum". Atlas of Living Australia. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ "Tropicos, Sorghum Moench". Tropicos. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ^ "Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 600 高粱属 gao liang shu Sorghum Moench, Methodus. 207. 1794". Efloras. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- )
- ^ "Sorghum". Victoria, Australia: Agriculture Victoria. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
- ^ "Cyanide (prussic acid) and nitrate in sorghum crops". Queensland Government, Primary Industries and Fisheries. 7 November 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- OCLC 277203364.
- ISBN 9780520269965.
- S2CID 28318220.
- ^ Hauser, Stefan; Wairegi, Lydia; Asadu, Charles L. A.; Asawalam, Damian O.; Jokthan, Grace; Ugbe, Utiang (2015). "Sorghum- and millet-legume cropping systems" (PDF). Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International and Africa Soil Health Consortium. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- JSTOR 4118651.
- .
- S2CID 58651581.
- ^ Mulhollem, Jeff (10 August 2020). "Flavonoids' presence in sorghum roots may lead to frost-resistant crop". Pennsylvania State University.
… sorghum is a crop that can respond to climate change because of its high water- and nitrogen-use efficiency …
- ^ Tove Danovich (15 December 2015). "Move over, quinoa: sorghum is the new 'wonder grain'". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-84826-368-0.
- LA Times. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ a b "U.S. Sorghum Prices Rally with China's Return to the Market". fas.usda.gov. US Department of Agriculture. 28 July 2020.
- ^ "U.S. Sorghum Exports Dwindle on "Near-Evaporation" of Chinese Demand, as China Looks to Brazilian Corn". Farm Policy News. University of Illinois. 22 January 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
Further reading
- Watson, Andrew M. (1983). Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700–1100. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24711-X.
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. .
- "Sorghum and millets in human nutrition" FAO Report (1995) Archived 2018-10-01 at the Wayback Machine