Sri Lanka blue magpie

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Sri Lanka blue magpie
At Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Urocissa
Species:
U. ornata
Binomial name
Urocissa ornata
(Wagler, 1829)
Distribution map for Sri Lanka Blue Magpie[1]

The Sri Lanka blue magpie or Ceylon magpie (Urocissa ornata) is a brightly coloured member of the family

primary forest in the wet zone of southern Sri Lanka.[3]

Description

The Sri Lanka blue magpie measures 42–47 cm in length,

mynah, but smaller than a crow,[4] with a sturdy bill.[6] Its plumage is bright blue, with a reddish-brown or chestnut head, neck, and wing. The blue tail is long and graduated, with a white tip.[3] The bill, legs, feet, and featherless eye ring of this species are all vibrant red.[3] Both the male and female of the species share this description.[4] The juvenile of this species has a plumage similar to that of an adult, but overall duller, with a brown eye ring and a greyish hue to its blue feathers, especially on its underside.[3] Moulting season for Sri Lanka blue magpies is from August to November.[4]

Taxonomy

The Sri Lanka blue magpie is a member of the order

Passeriformes, in the family Corvidae.[2]

This species belongs to

common ancestor with new world jays and magpies.[7]

Habitat and distribution

This species is endemic to Sri Lanka, where it is found in tall, undisturbed forest in the mountains, foothills, and adjoining lowlands of the wet zone.[3] It is found from elevations of below 150 to 2150 m. It is not often seen in disturbed habitat such as gardens or plantations.[4]

Surveys conducted from 2004 to 2006 found individuals of this species in 38 separate forest patches contained within six forest complexes within its range in the wet zone of southern Sri Lanka.[3]

Behaviour

In spite of their avoidance of human-disturbed habitats, the Sri Lanka blue magpie tolerates and is even attracted to the presence of humans.[5] In response to low and moderate levels of recreational disturbance, and small to medium-sized groups of human visitors, numbers of Sri Lanka blue magpies increased, unlike other birds.[5] A group of individuals was often observed waiting near trails, expecting to be fed by groups of human visitors.[5]

Vocalizations

The Sri Lanka blue magpie produces a great variety of vocalizations, including a jingle, a chink-chink, crakrakrakrak, and a whee-whee[3].

Thirteen different common call types have been identified for the Sri Lanka blue magpie, including mimicry calls.[9] Individuals have been recorded using two raptor calls quite frequently, usually while mobbing a predator (the Accipiter high-pitched call and the mountain hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis kelaarti) call)[9] These raptor calls are mimicked by another species that occupies the same region, the greater racket-tailed drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus), implying that these imitated predator calls can act as alarm signals for multiple species.[9]

Sri Lanka blue magpies do not just imitate the calls of predators, however. They have been observed mimicking the calls and songs of other birds in their prolonged and elaborate subsong.[9]

Diet

These birds use their strong legs and feet to forage, and have been observed hanging upside down and holding down their prey with ease.[4]

Their diet is mainly carnivorous, featuring insects, frogs, and small lizards, but they have been known to consume fruit, as well,[4] and some observations suggest that they also prey on eggs or young of other bird species.[10] Sri Lanka blue magpies have been observed rubbing hairy caterpillars against mossy branches to remove irritating hairs prior to consuming them.[4]

Reproduction

Sri Lanka blue magpies are

monogamous, use co-operative breeding to raise their young,[3] and can be seen in small flocks of up to seven birds, while each bird maintains a territory.[4]

The generation length of Sri Lanka blue magpies is 6.7 years.[1] Breeding season is from January through March, and three to five eggs, which are white covered with brown spots, are laid in a clutch.[4] Cup-shaped nests are built atop small, slender trees[10] and lined with soft materials like lichen.[4]

Both sexes build the nest and feed offspring, with only the female incubating them.

Conservation status

The Sri Lanka blue magpie is listed as vulnerable, due to the fragmentation and ongoing decline of the population.[3] Surveys performed in 2004-2006 estimate the population at 10,181-19,765 individuals, although their breeding strategy of monogamy and co-operative breeding has led to that estimate being reduced to 9,500-19,500 individuals total to reflect their effective population size.[3]

The main threat to the survival of the Sri Lanka blue magpie is habitat loss due to forest being cleared for agricultural land, mines, logging, and human settlement.

biocides in the hill country continue to threaten the Sri Lanka blue magpie.[3]

One of the factors preventing the Sri Lanka blue magpie from moving into disturbed habitat has been suggested to be the presence of another bird, the

In culture

In Sri Lanka, this bird is known as කැහිබෙල්ලා (kehibella) in Sinhala.[11] The blue magpie appears on a 10c Sri Lankan postal stamp,[12] which was in wide usage in the 1980s through 1990s.

References

  1. ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Cook K. 1993. Sri Lanka Magpie (Urocissa ornata). In: Endangered Wildlife of the World. 5: 697-698. New York (NY): Marshall Cavendish Corporation.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Urocissa ornata. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 13/10/2019
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Henry GM. 1971. A guide to the birds of Ceylon. London (UK)/New York (NY): Oxford University Press.
  5. ^
  6. ^ Harrison J. 2011. A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press.
  7. ^ a b c d Ericson PGP, Jansén A-L, Johansson US, Ekman J. 2005. Inter-generic relationships of the crows, jays, magpies and allied groups. (Aves: Corvidae) based on nucleotide sequence data. Journal of Avian Biology. 36(3): 222-234. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230307138_Molecular_analysis_of_the_phylogeny_of_11_genera_of_the_Corvidae
  8. ^ IOC World Bird List v 9.2 by Frank Gill & David Donsker (Eds). Updated 22-June-2019
  9. ^
  10. ^ a b Sri Lanka magpie (Urocissa ornata). 2007. ARKive. Images of Life on Earth. Published by Wildscreen, Bristol (UK). Retrieved on 16-09-2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20070623220552/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Urocissa_ornata/
  11. ^ Anonymous (1998). "Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent" (PDF). Buceros. 3 (1): 53–109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-04-01.
  12. ^ "Sri Lanka Blue Magpie stamps - mainly images - gallery format".

Further reading

External links

Media related to Urocissa ornata at Wikimedia Commons