St. Paul's College, Macau
Jesuit ) | |
Location | Santo António , Macau , China |
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St. Paul's College, Macau | |
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Chinese name | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Shèng Bǎolù Xuéyuàn |
St. Paul's College of Macau (
St. Paul's College was founded by
, among many famous scholars of the time.The College was the base for Jesuit
Jesuits abandoned the site in 1762 when they were expelled by the Portuguese authorities, during the suppression of the Society of Jesus. The buildings were destroyed in a fire in 1835. In 2005, the ruins of St. Paul's - notably the facade of the Madre de Deus Church - were officially enlisted as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site - Historic Centre of Macau.
History
Since 1557,
In 1576
In 1579 Valignano made his first visit to Japan. Before the Visitor arrived, seventeen of Valignano's personally appointed missionaries wrote to him complaining that language training was totally nonexistent. Lacking fluency in the Japanese language, Francis Xavier had limited to reading aloud a Japanese translation of a catechism, however Jesuits established several congregations. In 1563 Oda Nobunaga favored Jesuit missionary Luís Fróis, and generally tolerated Christianity. It was Valignano's first official act upon arriving in Japan that all new missionaries in the province spend two years in a language course, separating these newcomers by leaps and bounds from the first enthusiastic but stilted efforts of Francis Xavier.
On 9 June 1580, Ōmura Sumitada ceded jurisdiction over Nagasaki and Mogi to the Society of Jesus. On August 25, the armies of Philip II of Spain won the Battle of Alcântara, claiming the throne of Portugal and accomplishing the union of the empires so feared in Macau and Nagasaki, as it threatened the Chinese permission to stay in Macau, and challenged their carefully built trade monopoly as it opened to the Spanish based in the Philippines. In 1582, from Japan, Valignano sent an embassy[6] to the Pope and the kings of Europe sponsored by Kirishitan daimyos Sumitada, Ōtomo Sōrin and Arima Harunobu, whom he accompanied via Macau to Goa. In 1583, the Portuguese in Macau were permitted to form a
In 1594 St. Paul's College of Macau was authorized by the Jesuit superior in Rome, by upgrading the previous Madre de Deus school. At first, the college included two seminaries for lay brothers, a university with faculties of arts, philosophy and theology, a primary school and a school of music and arts. By 1595 Valignano could boast in a letter that not only had the Jesuits printed a Japanese grammar (see Arte da Lingoa de Iapam) and dictionary (see Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho)), published in a printing press established in Nagasaki, but also several books (mostly the lives of saints and martyrs) entirely in Japanese. The main body of the grammar and dictionary was compiled from 1590–1603; when finished, it was a truly comprehensive volume with the dictionary alone containing some 32,798 entries.
Between 1597 and 1762 it had immense influence on the learning of Eastern languages and culture by missionary Jesuits, making Macau a base for the spreading of
.Macau was thus the training ground for missions in Asia. From 1597 until 1762, Jesuit priests entering into China would always come first to Macau where, at St. Paul’s College, they would learn to speak Chinese together with other areas of Chinese knowledge, including philosophy and comparative religion, gathering a body of knowledge that would lead to the Jesuit position in defense of the adoption of local practices in the Chinese Rites controversy. It was the largest seminary in East Asia at the time and the first Western-style university in the region.
Notable scholars
- Alessandro Valignano (1578) 1594 founder of the college, promoter of Japanese language and Chinese language studies.
- Michele Ruggieri (1579) co-author of the Portuguese-Chinese dictionary - the first ever European-Chinese dictionary
- Matteo Ricci (1582) co-author of the Portuguese-Chinese dictionary - the first ever European-Chinese dictionary
- João Rodrigues (c. 1574–77 and c. 1610–33) organizer of the first ever European(Portuguese)-Japanese dictionary, the Nippo Jisho.
- Johann Adam Schall von Bell (1619) counsellor of the Shunzhi Emperor, Director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics.
- Alexander de Rhodes (1630–1640) author of the first Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary, published in Rome in 1651.
- Michał Boym (1643) Teacher at the College, author of numerous works on Asian fauna, flora and geography
- Ferdinand Verbiest (1659) mathematician and astronomer, corrected the Chinese calendar, was Head of the Mathematical Board and Director of the Observatory.
- Thomas Pereira (c. 1665–73) considered the introducer of Western music in China, emissary of Kangxi Emperor managed to secure the Treaty of Nerchinsk
- Wenceslas Pantaleon Kirwitzer
- Manuel Dias (Yang MaNuo)
- Martino Martini
- Giulio Alenio
- Xu Guangqi
- Wu Li
- Petro Kasui Kibe
See also
- Jesuit China missions
- Padroado
- Saint Paul's College, Goa
- List of Jesuit sites
References
Citations
- ^ Trudy Ring, International Dictionary of Historic Places -Asia and Oceania: eds.: Paul E. Schellinger; Robert M. Salkin, p.544
- ISBN 1-4020-3405-9, p.114
- ^ L. Walker, Brett (Fall 2002). "Foreign Affairs and Frontiers in Early Modern Japan: a Historio-graphical Essay". Early Modern Japan. 10 (2): 44–62.
- ^ Yves Camus, "Jesuits' Journeys in Chinese Studies" Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . Page 153
- ISBN 1-85754-035-2
- ^ "The entry "Macau history" in Macau Encyclopedia" (in Chinese). Macau Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Bibliography
- Saraiva, Luís; ISBN 978-981-277-125-4.
- Witek, John W., Michel Reis, Colégio Universitário de S. Paulo (Macau) (1999). Religion and culture: an international symposium commemorating the fourth centenary of the University College of St. Paul, Macau, 28 November to 1 December 1994. Instituto Cultural de Macau. ISBN 978-972-35-0235-0.)
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