Straight-billed woodcreeper
Straight-billed woodcreeper | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Furnariidae |
Genus: | Dendroplex |
Species: | D. picus
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Binomial name | |
Dendroplex picus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
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Synonyms | |
Xiphorhynchus picus |
The straight-billed woodcreeper (Dendroplex picus) is a
Taxonomy and systematics
The straight-billed woodcreeper was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the orioles in the genus Oriolus and coined the binomial name Oriolus picus.[4] The specific epithet picus is the Latin word for a woodpecker.[5] Gmelin based his description on "Le pic-grimpereaux" from Cayenne that had been described and illustrated in 1780 by the French polymath, the Comte de Buffon.[6][7] The straight-billed woodcreeper was later moved to genus Dendroplex that was introduced in 1827 by William Swainson.[8] In the 1950s genus Dendroplex was merged into genus Xyphorhynchus but in the early 2000s it was resurrected for this species and Zimmer's woodcreeper (D. kienerii).
Thirteen subspecies of the straight-billed woodcreeper are recognized.[8]
- D. p. extimus Griscom, 1927
- D. p. dugandi Phelps, WH, 1946
- D. p. picirostris Lafresnaye, 1847
- D. p. saturatior Hellmayr, 1925
- D. p. choicus Wetmore & Phelps, WH, 1946
- D. p. paraguanae (Phelps, WH & Phelps, WH Jr, 1962)
- D. p. longirostris Richmond, 1896
- D. p. altirostris (Leotaud, 1866)
- D. p. phalarus Wetmore, 1939
- D. p. deltanus (Phelps, WH & Phelps, WH Jr, 1952)
- D. p. picus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
- D. p. duidae Zimmer, JT, 1934
- D. p. peruvianus Zimmer, JT, 1934
The northernmost group of subspecies (D. p. extimus through D. p. deltanus) and the southern group (D. p. picus, D. p. duidae, and D. p. peruvianus) have been proposed by some authors as separate species. D. p. deltanus has also by itself been proposed for species status, and several other subspecies have been proposed as splits of existing ones. None of these proposals have been widely accepted.[9]
Description
The straight-billed woodcreeper is 18 to 22 cm (7.1 to 8.7 in) long. Males weigh 34 to 42 g (1.2 to 1.5 oz), mainland females 33 to 45 g (1.2 to 1.6 oz), and a female from Trinidad weighed 51 g (1.8 oz). It is a slim, medium-sized woodcreeper. Its bill is distinctive, with a straight
The other subspecies of the straight-billed woodcreeper differ from the nominate and each other thus:[9][10][11][12]
- D. p. picirostris, paler but more rufous upperparts than nominate, more boldly marked, whitish crown and back spots with black borders, ear coverts and supercilium whitish, throat and upper breast almost white
- D. p. extimus, similar to picirostris but more brownish than rufous
- D. p. dugandi, more extensive black around crown and back spots than picirostris, darker than picirostris and paler than extimus
- D. p. saturatior, much darker than nominate and less breast streaking
- D. p. choicus similar to dugandi but lighter overall and weaker dark surrounds on crown and back spots
- D. p. longirostris, similar to picirostris but larger, with longer and heavier bill, wider breast spots, darker less rufescent belly, and deeper chestnut back, wings, and tail
- D. p. paraguanae, longer bill, whiter throat, and lighter more yellowish-tinged upperparts than most; lighter brown underparts than longirostris
- D. p. altirostris, longer, heavier, and more curved bill than nominate; larger and more extensive spots on underparts
- D. p. phalarus, like longirostris but with larger crown and nape spots and buffier breast spots
- D. p. duidae, pure white throat, browner back, more spotting on breast and with black outlines, stronger streaks on belly
- D. p. deltanus, darker than duidae; darker bill, crown, and tail and more heavily streaked upper back than nominate
- D. p. peruvianus, brighter and more rufescent than nominate, with deeper buff throat
Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of the straight-billed woodcreeper are found thus:[8][9][13]
- D. p. extimus, central and eastern Panama (mostly on Pacific slope) and northwestern Colombia's Córdoba Department
- D. p. dugandi, inland northwestern Colombia from the area of Santa Marta east to the Serranía del Perijá, south on the Pacific coast to northern Chocó Department, and in the valley of the Magdalena River
- D. p. picirostris, coastal northern Colombia from the Santa Marta area into extreme northwestern Venezuela to Lake Maracaibo
- D. p. saturatior, eastern side of Colombia's Eastern Andes and the Andes of western Venezuela
- D. p. choicus, coastal north-central Venezuela from Falcón east to Miranda
- D. p. paraguanae, northwestern Venezuela's Falcón and Lara states
- D. p. longirostris, Margarita Island off northern Venezuela
- D. p. altirostris, Trinidad
- D. p. phalarus, the llanos and northeastern coast of Venezuela
- D. p. deltanus, northeastern Venezuela's Delta Amacuro state
- D. p. picus, southern Venezuela, the Guianas and north, central, and eastern Brazil from the Negro River east to the Atlantic and south to Goiás and Rio de Janeiro states
- D. p. duidae, upper reaches of the Orinoco and Negro rivers in eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, and northwestern Brazil
- D. p. peruvianus, the southwestern Amazon Basinof eastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia, and southwestern Brazil
The population of the straight-billed woodcreeper north of the Amazon River in northwestern Brazil, and southwestern Brazil's Pantanal, southeastern Colombia, and eastern Ecuador may belong to either D. p. picus or D. p. peruvianus.[9]
The straight-billed woodcreeper inhabits a wide variety of lowland habitats, most of which are open to semi-open rather than densely forested. These include the edges of dense forest, open woodland, wooded savanna, deciduous and
Behavior
Movement
The straight-billed woodcreeper is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[9]
Feeding
The straight-billed woodcreeper's diet is mostly
Breeding
The straight-billed woodcreeper's breeding seasons vary widely across its very large range, generally beginning in April or earlier in the north and around September in the south. It nests in a cavity, either natural or made by a woodpecker in a tree, cactus, dead stump or arboreal termite nest. It also has nested in fence posts, nest boxes, and crevices between palm fronds and in
Vocalization
The straight-billed woodcreeper sings mostly at dawn and dusk, starting early and ending late, but it also sings intermittently during the day. In Amazonia it sings "a rapid series of c. 25–40 high-frequency notes in 2–3 seconds, begins as a few sharp stuttered notes followed by accelerating series of descending notes that slows at end, notes given slowly enough to be counted, 'chip, chip, chip, dip-dip-dii-dii-di-di-di-di-di-di, dew, dew, dew'." In Venezuela its song is slower and with fewer notes "chip, chip-chip-chip-dip-dip-dip-di-di-di-di-di-di-di, dip, dip, wik-up, wik-up, wik-up, wik". Its calls include "dit", "chip", and "tschup".[9]
Status
The
References
- ^ . Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ a b Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.americanornithology.org/taxa
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
- ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 384.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). "Le pic-grimpereaux". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 82–83.
- Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Le talapiot de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 605.
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Marantz, C. A., A. Aleixo, L. R. Bevier, M. A. Patten, and E. de Juana (2020). Straight-billed Woodcreeper (Dendroplex picus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.stbwoo2.01 retrieved July 4, 2023
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
- ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
External links
- Associação Mãe-da-lua Straight-billed woodcreeper Fotos, sounds, notes
- Stamps[usurped] (for Colombia)
- Straight-billed woodcreeper photo gallery VIREO