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One part that sent the shale boom into overdrive during the mid 2000s was the devlopement of the pump down that allowed the plug and perf method to be used in horizontal wells much more cheaply and quickly. Before the development of the pump down the guns for perferation and plug woluld either have to be tractored down on wireline or use of coil tubing (both slow and realitively costly). Plug and perf was used commonly in vertical wells where a wireline crew could do a plug and perf by letting the guns drop in the vertical well, but plug and perf is rarely done even today without pump down in horizontal well. Without plug and perf and pump down, hydraulic fracturing horizontal wells would not be as economical. Sliding sleves were developed to get around this but they do not achieve as good as zonal isolation, are poblematic in their own right, and quite a bit more expensive so rarely used compared to horizontal wells with plug and perf with pump down over the past decade.
I do not have any refrences I could use to cite this but I do know this as an industry insider. I believe it should be noted since horizontal wells (devloped in the 80s) and slick water (developeed in the 90s) could not be used effectively together until pump down allowed the plug and perf method to be used in horizontal wells.
Demographics of Fracking
Looking at a potential citation that performs a spatial analysis on fracking, examining the "socio-economic characteristics of people living close to fracking activity". Think this source has the potential to improve the article's addressing of equity gaps.
[1] DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.02.001 GibbsOtis (talk) 19:03, 13 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
level-5 vital article is rated C-class on Wikipedia's content assessment scale.
