Tatra (company)
million (2016) | |
Total assets | 6,211,396,000 Czech koruna (2017) |
---|---|
Owner |
|
Number of employees | 1,658 (2016) |
Website | tatratrucks |
Tatra is a Czech
In the interwar period, Tatra came to international prominence with its line of affordable cars based on backbone tube chassis and air-cooled engines, starting with Tatra 11 (1923). The company also became the pioneer of automotive aerodynamics, starting with Tatra 77 (1934). Following the 1938 German-Czechoslovak war and Munich Agreement, the town of Kopřivnice was occupied by Nazi Germany and Tatra's production was directed towards military production. Trucks like Tatra 111 (1942) became instrumental both for the German Nazi war effort as well as post-war reconstruction in Central Europe and Soviet Union.
Today, Tatra's production focuses on heavy, off-road trucks based on its century-long development of backbone chassis, swinging half-axles, and air-cooled engines. The core of its production consists of the
Early years
In 1850, Ignaz Schustala founded "Ignatz Schustala & Cie" in Kopřivnice, and the company entered the business of manufacturing horse-drawn vehicles.
In the 1880s, the company began manufacturing railroad cars.[citation needed]
In 1890, the company became a joint-stock company, and was renamed the Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriksgesellschaft. Also that year, Hugo Fischer von Röslerstamm became the company's technical director. After Schustala's death in 1891, von Röslerstamm took over the management of the business.
In 1897, the company began creation of an automobile with an internal combustion engine.
The first car to be completely designed by Ledwinka was the Nesselsdorf A , which was produced in 1900. The Nesselsdorf A was equipped with a rear-mounted 2714 cc engine, and had a top speed of 40 km/h (25 mph). 22 units were built.
The Nesselsdorf A was followed in 1902 by the Type B, which featured a central engine.
Ledwinka then left the company to concentrate on steam engine development. He returned in 1905, and designed a completely new car, the Type S, which was equipped with a 3308 cc 4-cylinder engine.
In 1912, production was badly affected by a strike that lasted 23 weeks, and von Röslerstamm left the company. In 1916, Ledwinka left the company again, this time to work for one of its competitors, Steyr-Werke in Graz.[7]
Tatra concept
In 1919 the company began using the Tatra brand for its cars.
In 1921 the company was renamed "Kopřivnická vozovka". That year, the company's director, Leopold Pasching, convinced Ledwinka to return to the company to run its new car plant.[7]
Ledwinka's next design, the Tatra 11, which was released in 1923, featured a rigid backbone tube with swinging semi-axles at the rear giving independent suspension. The Tatra 11 was fitted with a front-mounted, air-cooled 1056 cc two-cylinder engine.
In 1924 the company was renamed "Závody Tatra".
The Tatra 17, released in 1925, featured a 1930 cc water-cooled six-cylinder engine, and fully independent suspension.
In 1926, the Tatra 11 was succeeded by the Tatra 12, which was similar to the Tatra 11, but was equipped with four-wheel brakes.
In 1927 the company was renamed "Ringhoffer-Tatra".
Streamlined Tatras
- Tatra V570 1931, 1933
- Tatra 77 1934–1938
- Tatra 87 1936–1950
- Tatra 97 1936–1939
- Tatra 600 Tatraplan1946–1952
- Tatra 603 1956–1975
Prewar streamliners
Tatra's specialty was luxury cars using the most recent technology, going from
Tatra and the conception of the Volkswagen Beetle
Both
Tatra and Volkswagen's body design were preceded by similar designs of Hungarian automotive engineer Bela Barenyi, whose sketches resembling the Volkswagen Beetle date back to 1925.[19]
War years
After the 1938 invasion of Czechoslovakia by
Tatra was instrumental in the production of trucks and tank engines for the German war effort.[citation needed]
Postwar management
The factory was nationalised in 1945 almost three years before the
The Tatra 603
In 1953, amid much dissatisfaction among Communist party leaders with the poor-quality official cars imported from Russia, Tatra was again given permission to produce a luxury car, the
Tatra 603s were built until 1975, a twenty-year reign as one of communism's finest cars. Numerous improvements were made during its production run, although not all vehicles built were actually new but rather reconditioned. In exchange for a newer model year car, the older vehicle was returned to the factory. There, it was upgraded to current model year specifications, refinished, and sent out again as a putatively new vehicle to replace another older T603. This makes it difficult to trace the history of surviving vehicles.
1970s makeover—the Tatra 613
In 1968 a replacement was developed: the Tatra 613. It was styled by the Italian styling house of Vignale and was a more modern, less rounded shape. It was not until 1973 that the car went into production, and volume production did not begin until the following year. Although the layout remained the same, the body was all new, as was the engine, which was equipped with four overhead camshafts, a higher capacity motor (3495 cc) and an output close to 165 bhp (123 kW; 167 PS). In addition, it had been moved somewhat forward for improved balance. These cars were built in five series and went through several modifications until production ceased in 1996. Over 11,000 cars were built, and sales slowed to a trickle of just a few dozen per year towards the end of production as Tatras began to seem more and more outdated.
1990s Tatra 700
The Tatra 700 was a large luxury car released in 1996 by Tatra. It was essentially a heavily restyled version of the Tatra 613 model it replaced, with updated body panels and detailing. The T700 was offered as both a saloon and coupé with either a 3.5 or 4.4 litre 90° air-cooled V8 petrol engine. The model was neither successful nor produced in large numbers, with a total of 69–72 cars manufactured. The T700 was the last passenger car made by Tatra with production halting in 1999. At this point, Tatra abandoned automobile manufacturing in order to concentrate on truck design and manufacture.
1990s Tatra MTX V8
The Tatra MTX V8 was the fastest Czech car of all time. Production started in 1991 in Kopřivnice. It has a Tatra 623 V8 engine with inlet manifold injection producing 225 kW at 6500 rpm. It accelerates from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 5.6 seconds. The top speed is 265 kilometres per hour (165 mph). The Czech designer Václav Král designed this vehicle, with only five ever produced.
2000s
In February 2008, Tatra announced the world's first and only air-cooled engine meeting the then forthcoming
A month later, Tatra CEO Ronald Adams told The Prague Post Tatra could return to producing passenger cars, saying: "We would not come back to compete with the large automobile mass producers such as Volkswagen, Škoda, Toyota etc. But we might come back with a replica of the old Tatra cars using a current undercarriage and driveline from one of the major automotive producers."[23] The company has launched a feasibility study, hoping to produce one thousand replicas of their legendary Tatraplan and 603 cars in 2010.[24]
In July 2008 pictures of a fuel cell concept car designed by Mike Jelinek, the Tatra 903, were shown.[25]
Tatra in the West
Unlike most Eastern Bloc manufacturers, Tatra enjoyed modest sales success in Western Europe, where its truck line had a reputation for simplicity and durability. No effort was made to distribute Tatra's unusual automobiles in the West, though a small number did find their way to collectors in Western Europe, and even to the United States. The end of the Cold War did not help Tatra's fortunes, as the company made no inroads in Western Europe's already crowded automobile market. The introduction of competitors, such as Mercedes-Benz and Peugeot into the Czech Republic, further eroded Tatra's sales. Production of passenger cars ended in 1999.
Among Western collectors, Tatra automobiles remain largely unknown. The largest display of Tatra vehicles in the United States is at the
A Tatra 87 is on exhibit at the
Trucks
1898–1914 beginning
The first truck manufactured at Kopřivnice in 1898[27] was a flatbed[28] with two liquid-cooled side-by-side-mounted two-cylinder Benz engines each at 2.7 L capacity with total power output of 8.8 kW (12 hp) placed after the rear axle and cargo capacity of 2.5 ton. The unique feature of the engines setup was that the engines could be operated sequentially depending on the load requirements. No 1 engine was started via a cranking handle and had a flywheel attached and No 2 engine without the flywheel was connected via a gear clutch and started by the first engine already running.
The second truck manufactured was once again a flatbed R type of 2.5 ton cargo capacity built in 1909. Powered by liquid-cooled petrol four-cylinder engine of 4.1 L capacity and power output of 18.4 kW (25 hp) with the engine placed above front axle which is the conventional design to this day. The vehicle featured solid rubber tyres and semi-elliptic leaf spring suspension. In 1910 Tatra manufactured its first bus the Omnibus type SO with total production of five units.
1914–1922 serial production
The first true serial truck production at Tatra was instigated by the beginning of World War I. In the year 1914 there were only two trucks made, type T 14/40 HP; however by 1915's end the production jumped to a total of 105 TL-2 units, and the following year, 1916, the numbers rose to a total of 196 TL-2 and 30 TL-4. Production peaked in 1917 with 19 TL-2 and 303 TL-4 models, but then production declined, and a similar number of vehicles of one type manufactured in a year was not achieved or surpassed until 1936 with the T 27 model.
Technically models TL-2 and TL-4 were almost identically designed; in fact TL-4 evolved from TL-2 where both had liquid-cooled
1923–1938 Tatra concept
After the introduction of Tatra 11 and Tatra 12 cars with their distinctive backbone tube design and swing axles, Tatra introduced its first truck on the same basis,
1939–1956 World War II and beyond
Following the
1957–1982 moving forward
The decision to replace the reliable but ageing T111 was taken in 1952 based on
In 1967 Tatra began production of the T813 off-road truck using its modular construction technology; the model incorporated the latest trends in commercial vehicle design such as cab-over-engine (COE) and wide profile tyres. It featured a new V12 engine and all military versions had a central tyre inflation/deflation system as standard equipment. The T813 was designed to tow loads up to 100 ton
1982–2008 T815 and beyond
The Tatra 815 was designed for extreme off-road conditions, and its road versions are derived from the off-road original. After the 53rd session of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, a directive was issued that Tatra N.P. would be the sole supplier of off-road commercial vehicles of <12 ton capacity for Eastern Bloc countries, leading to a modernization of the company and its production models. Following extensive testing at different sites, including Siberia, the type T815 was introduced in 1982 with production starting in 1983. The T815 was made of 142 main assembly components as opposed to the 219 main assembly components of its predecessor.[35] The engine's power output was increased by up to 45% and a new COE tiltable cabin was introduced. Modular engine designs resulted in offerings of V8, V10 or V12 engines with or without turbocharger.
T815 was upgraded to T815-2 with minor cosmetic changes and improved ergonomics and safety – the biggest change was the engine emissions accordance with the "Euro0" limits and to
The TerrNo1 model introduced the 'KingFrame rear axle suspension setup. Another step in evolution for the T3B engine came with the
The T816 (T815-6) Armax[39] and Force[40] series, derivatives of Tatra 815, were introduced in 1993 after Tatra participated in the tender process to supply heavy duty off-road trucks to the UAE armed forces. After two years of bidding, the company secured a contract worth $180 million.[41]
The resulting model became known as T816 "LIWA" (
During the 1990s, Tatra decided to produce a bonneted CBE heavy duty off-road truck to continue the successful line started with the T111. This resulted in the T163 Jamal, which was put into full production in 1999[45] after the first prototypes were built in 1997 and following extensive testing. The T163 was purpose-built to be a heavy duty dump truck due to demand, and was based on Tatra's signature backbone tube chassis construction with its cabin being designed by Jiří Španihel.[46] The truck is used mainly on construction sites and in quarries.
Tatra was also a successful bidder for the
The serial T810 vehicles are equipped with the new design Tatra rigid axles with the WABCO disc brakes, with the ZF Ecolite transmission and Steyr drop box.
Tatra and Navistar Defence introduced at Eurosatory Exposition in Paris, France (Jun 14–18 2010), the results of their strategic alliance since October 2009, the models ATX6 (universal container carrier) and ATX8 (troop carrier).[49] The vehicles appear to be based on Tatra 815-7 (T817) 6×6, 8×8 chassis,[50] suspension and cabins while using Navistar engines and other components.[51] Under the deal Navistar Defence and Tatra A.S. will market the vehicles in North America, which includes sales to the United States military and foreign military sales financed by the United States government. Tatra will source parts and components through Navistar's global parts and support network for Tatra trucks delivered in markets outside of North America as well as market Navistar-Tatra vehicles around the world in their primary markets.[citation needed]
Ownership
The
In April 2007, Tatra announced that it had already matched its production in 2006 and produced 1,600 vehicles. In 2007, Tatra planned to produce between 2,300 and 2,500 vehicles. In contrast to previous years, Tatra has increased employment by the hundreds within the past two quarters, has reversed previous errors, and was growing again.[citation needed]
In August 2011, DAF Trucks announced it had built up a 19% stake in Tatra to tighten up cooperation between the companies. DAF's cabs and Paccar engines became mainstay of the civilian Tatra 158 Phoenix, while DAF dealerships started selling Tatra trucks.[53]
In early 2013, Tatra was facing mounting financial problems. Even though the company had sufficient orders for new trucks, manufacturing was halted as banks refused to provide further loans and company was facing imminent bankruptcy. In March 2013, majority stake in Tatra was acquired by major Czech defense contractor Czechoslovak Group and Czech metallurgy company Promet Group, which provided company with necessary financial stability. With new owners, Tatra focused its production primarily towards building specialist vehicles tailored to buyers' custom orders. While in 2013 sales amounted to 722 units, in 2023 the company plans to sell over 2,000 trucks, with future increases in sales requiring enlarging of manufacturing capacity.[54]
Current models
Tatra mostly supplies individual, highly specialized custom-made vehicles and also sells just the backbone chassis for use in other manufacturer's trucks or specialized vehicles.[55] The current serial production models are:
- Tatra 810 Tactic – medium off-road truck based on conventional frame, portal axles and equipped with Renault water-cooled engine and cabin. Primarily intended for military operators, also offered on civilian market.
- Tatra 817Force – heavy off-road truck based on Tatra backbone chassis, Tatra air-cooled engines (other engines also possible) and Tatra cabin. Primarily intended for military operators, also offered on civilian market.
- Tatra 158 Phoenix – heavy off-road truck based on Tatra backbone chassis and equipped with DAF cabin and ZF water-cooled engines. Primarily intended for civilian operators, also offered on military market.
Worldwide distribution
Germany
Several fire brigades and civil protection (THW) mostly in eastern Germany are traditionally using Tatra trucks. Tatra's own conversion company THT build vehicles for fire brigades and civil protection. Popular in Germany is a large Water tender and pumper based on the Tatra 815.[citation needed] The vehicle's water tank has a volume of 4,000 liters or more and a separate tank for foam agent. The 4×4 transmission and a gear wading depth of 1.20m make it suitable for rough terrain. In German use the vehicle is called "TLF4000" (Tanklöschfahrzeug 4000) and is primarily used at airports and to fight forest fires.[56]
In 2021 the Bundeswehr fire brigade ordered 76 Tatra firefighting vehicles to fight forest fires (ordered by BwFuhrparkService GmbH). They are based upon the Tatra T 815-7 4×4 chassis, with equipment by Austrian Rosenbauer Group.[57]
India
Tatra had a truck-building joint venture in India called Tatra Vectra Motors Ltd, formerly called Tatra Trucks India Ltd. It is a joint venture between Tatra and the Vectra Group from England.[58] In 2002, the company received a 1,070 trucks order from the Government of India.[59] Tatra's growing involvement in India's defense industry has been cited as an example of growing relations between Czech Republic and India.[60]
In 2009,
Tatra was part of a
-
Tatra Recovery Vehicle of the Indian Army
-
A Tatra Truck at India Gate, New Delhi on India Republic Day on 26 January
-
Indian Army Tatra truck carrying BM-30 Smerch rocket
Israel
Reportedly following one of the Israeli-Arab conflicts, Israel tested some Tatras captured from the Egyptian armed forces. The
A number of Tatra trucks entered service in the Israeli Army's various sectors, with the brand mark of "American Truck Company", under which Tatras were sold from the U.S. market and exported to Israel.
United States
American Truck Company was a quasi-independent company set up by Terex, when they controlled Tatra, to import Tatra vehicles in both knock down kits or fully built and carry out assembly operations, repair and service, body building on chassis in the United States.[65][66] These trucks were offered to the military and other government organizations and were badged and sold in the United States under the ATC brand.[66] ATC badged Tatras were fitted with American Cummins turbodiesel engines in place of the Tatra's air-cooled diesel.[66]
Tatra aircraft
The Ringhoffer-Tatra Works Ltd. produced several aircraft and aero-engines in the 1930s and 1940s before annexation by Germany, and after under the orders of the
Built under licence
- Tatra T.126 (Avro 626 Avian)
- Tatra T.131(Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann)
Tatra designed and built
Historic models
Passenger cars
Before the company was renamed to Tatra
- NW Präsident (1897)
- NW Präsident II (1898)
- NW Elektromobil (1900)
- NW A (1900-1902)
- NW B (1902-1904)
- NW C (1902-1905)
- NW D (1902-1905)
- NW E (1904-1906)
- NW F (1906)
- NW J (1906-1911)
- NW L (1906-1911)
- NW S (1906-1911)
- NW T (1914-1919)
- NW U (1915-1919)
After the name Tatra was adopted
- Tatra 10 (1919-1927, renamed from NW U)
- Tatra 11 (1923-1927)
- Tatra 12 (1926-1933)
- Tatra 17 (1925-1929)
- Tatra 20 (1919-1926, renamed from NW T)
- Tatra 30 (1926-1931)
- Tatra 31 (1926-1930, based on the Tatra 17)
- Tatra 52 (1931-1939)
- Tatra 54 (1931-1934)
- Tatra 57 (1932-1949)
- Tatra 70 (1931-1937)
- Tatra 75 (1933-1942)
- Tatra 77 (1934-1938)
- Tatra 80 (1931-1935)
- Tatra 87 (1936-1950)
- Tatra 97 (1936-1939)
- Tatra 600 Tatraplan (1948-1952)
- Tatra 603 (1956-1975)
- Tatra 613 (1974-1996)
- Tatra 623 (1980-1998)
- Tatra 700 (1996-1999)
Trucks
- NW First Truck (1898)
- NW O (1907-1909)
- NW R (1908)
- NW K (1909-1911)
- NW M (1909-1911)
- NW SO (1910-1914)
- NW TL-2 (1915-1924)
- NW TL-4 (1916-1924)
- NW TO (1920-1928)
- Tatra 13 (1925-1933)
- Tatra 22 (1934-1935, derived from the T27)
- Tatra 23 (1927-1933, first Tatra truck with a backbone frame)
- Tatra 24 (1929-1939, three-axle version of T23)
- Tatra 25 (1933-1934)
- Tatra 26 (1926-1933)
- Tatra 27 (1930-1947)
- Tatra 28 (1932, three-axle version of T27)
- Tatra 43 (1929-1938)
- Tatra 49 (1929-1930)
- Tatra 72 (1933-1937)
- Tatra 74
- Tatra 79
- Tatra 81 (1939-1942, predecessor of T111)
- Tatra 82 (1935-1937)
- Tatra 85 (1936-1941)
- Tatra 92 (1938-1940, developed from T82)
- Tatra 93 (1937-1941)
- Tatra 111 (1942-1962)
- Tatra 114 (1947-1948, developed from the T27)
- Tatra 115 (1948-1949, developed from the T114)
- Tatra 128 (1951-1952, T111 derivative)
- Tatra 138 (1959-1971)
- OT-64 SKOT Tatra engine powered 8×8 armored personnel carrier
- Tatra 141 (1957-1970, T111 derivative)
- Tatra 147 (1957-1961, shortened version of T111)
- Tatra 148 (1972-1982, improved T138)
- Tatra 158 Phoenix(2011–present)
- Tatra 163 Jamal (1999-2014)
- Tatra 805 (1953-1960)
- Tatra 810 ANTS (2008–present)
- Tatra 813 (1967-1982)
- RM-70 8×8armored multiple rocket launcher based on Tatra 813
- Tatra 815, 815-2 and TerrNo1 (1983–present)
- Tatra 816 (1996–present)
- Tatra 817(2008–present, developed from the T815)
Buses
- Tatra 500 HB (1950, 1955–1957)
Trolleybuses
Prototypes and racing cars
- NW Rennzweier (1900)
- NW Second Truck (1909)
- NW T14/40 (1914)
- Tatra 12 Targa Florio (1925)
- Tatra 30 Sport (1926)
- Tatra 34 (prototype armored car based on T31)
- Tatra 84 (1935, first all-wheel-drive Tatra)
- Tatra 90 (1935)
- Tatra 107 (1946)
- Tatra 112
- Tatra 113
- Tatra 116/117/120 (1948)
- Tatra 118/119/122 (1948)
- Tatra 130 (1951, three-axle version of T128)
- Tatra 131 (1951, T128 with dual rear wheels)
- Tatra 137 (1956, two-axle version of T138, produced as the T138 4x4)
- Tatra 157 (1972; intended to replace the T148 but became the T815)
- Tatra 162 (1987)
- Tatra 163 Jamal Evo (2003)
- Tatra 201 (1947)
- Tatra 600 Diesel (1952)
- Tatra 601 Convertible (1951)
- Tatra 601 Monte Carlo (1949)
- Tatra 602 Tatraplan Sport
- Tatra 603 A (1964)
- Tatra 603 B5 (1966)
- Tatra 603 B6 (1967)
- Tatra 603 MB (1961)
- Tatra 603 Monte Carlo
- Tatra 603 X (1966)
- Tatra 604 (1954)
- Tatra 605 (1957)
- Tatra 607 Monopost (1950-1954)
- Tatra 607-2 (1954-1958)
- Tatra 801 (1949)
- Tatra 803 (1950)
- Tatra 804 (1951, lightweight T803)
- Tatra 806 (1951, based on T803)
- Tatra 809 (1953)
- Tatra Baghira (1973)
- Tatra Delfín (1963)
- Tatra JK 2500 (1956)
- Tatra T-III (1936 prototype tank)
- Tatra Prezident (1994)
- MTX Tatra V8 (1991)
- Tatra V570 (1931)
- Tatra V740 (1937)
- Tatra V750 (1935)
- Tatra V799 (1938)
- Tatra V809 (1940)
- Tatra V855 (1942)
See also
- František Kardaus
- Austro-Tatra
- Avia
- List of Czech automobiles
- List of automobile manufacturers
Notes
- Benz & Cie. and Peugeot
References
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- ^ "Tatry teď stíháme vyrábět jen taktak, říká šéf výzkumu a vývoje automobilky". 2023-03-15.
- ^ "České výrobce užitkových vozidel láká západní Evropa". E15.cz (in Czech). 2017-11-20.
- ^ Löb, Rico (2017-05-04). "FFW Großschönau: TLF 4000 auf Tatra 815-7". Blaulicht-Magazin.net (in German). Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ "Fahrzeugbeschaffungen – Erste Auftragserteilung durch BwFuhrparkService GmbH" (in German). 2021-08-23. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ "Introduction to Tatra Vectra Motors Limited". Tatraindia.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ "SDC Announces Large Indian Order for its Tatra Truck Unit; Tatra Backlog Up Significantly Over Last Year. (09-MAY-02) Business Wire". Accessmylibrary.com. 2002-05-09. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ "The Czechs' Indian Gambit". Global Politician. 2003-01-06. Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ a b "Vectra Group - Group Companies - Kamaz Vectra Motors Ltd". Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
- ^ "MACHINIST". machinist.in. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
- ^ CBW.cz Archived February 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Pioneer, The. "Tatra truck scam: CBI gears up to finalise chargesheet". The Pioneer. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: DanieruShidebuteru. "Military Vehicles [Czech/USA]: ATC 6x6 14-Tonne Tactical Truck (Tatra/Terex)". Retrieved 2018-12-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ a b c "ATC 6x6 Heavy Utility Truck - Military-Today.com". www.military-today.com. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
- ^ * Grey, C.G. & Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938. Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd.. London. 1938
- ^ ISBN 0-904235-18-1.
Sources
- Tatra company profile, Retrieved 2008-11-29
- Present Tatra military trucks (T810, T815, T816, T817)
- Tatra history at Tatra World
- Grey, C.G. & Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938. Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd.. London. 1938
- Willson, Quentin The Ultimate Classic Car Book. New Your, New York: DK Publishing Inc., 1995. ISBN 0-7894-0159-2. Pages 214-215
Further reading
- Margolius, Ivan & Henry, John G. (1990). Tatra - The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka. Harrow: SAF. ISBN 0-946719-06-3.
- Margolius, Ivan & Henry, John G. (2015). Tatra - The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka, new edition. Dorchester: Veloce Publishing. ISBN 978-1-845847-99-9.
- Tatra Automobiles - Luxury Cars from Koprivnice 1920–1940 by Miroslav Gomola, AGM publisher Czech republic
- List of Literature and Magazines articles related to Tatra
External links
- Tatra Official site
- TATRA GERMANY
- Tatra India
- Tatra and Tatraplan cars site
- Tatra Cars Services
- International Streamlined Tatra Site
- Tatra Aircraft History (in Czech)
- Tatra Museum
- "Tatra’s Long Twilight Is Explored at a Tennessee Museum" at NY Times, July 20, 2011
- the unofficial Tatra Automobile pages - history and pictures (English)
- the unofficial Tatra Truck History pages - history and pictures (English)