Tatsama

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Tatsama (

Kannada and Telugu. They generally belong to a higher and more erudite register than common words, many of which are (in modern Indo-Aryan languages) directly inherited from Old Indo-Aryan (tadbhava
). The tatsama register can be compared to the use of loan words of Greek or Latin origin in English (e.g. hubris).

Eastern Indo-Aryan

Bengali

The origin of tatsama words (

romanized: tôtśômô) in Bengali is traced to 10th century Brahmin poets, who felt that the colloquial language (Old Bengali) was not suitable for their expressive needs. Another, more minor, wave of tatsama vocabulary entered the (Modern) Bengali language by Sanskrit scholars teaching at Fort William College in Kolkata
at the start of the 19th century. Bengali's lexicon is now about 40% tatsama (with about 58% tadbhava vocabulary inherited from Old Indo-Aryan via the Prakrit languages such as Apabhramsha and Avahaṭṭha).[1]

Odia

Early

Odia dictionaries such as Gitabhidhana (17th Century), Sabda Tattva Abhidhana
(1916), Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha (1931) and Promoda Abhidan (1942) list Sanskrit Tatsama vocabulary.

They are derived from Sanskrit verbal roots with the addition of suffixes and known in Odia as "tatsama krudanta".

Southern Indo-Aryan

Sinhala

The way the tatsama entered the

scientific concepts make use of tatsama, for instance grahaņaya 'eclipse', but they are also found for more everyday concepts.[citation needed
]

Western Indo-Aryan

For the most part, the western Indo-Aryan languages such as

Arabic. The notable exception in the group of western Indo-Aryan languages is Hindustani, which began with most of its borrowed vocabulary coming from Persian, and in recent history has incorporated a larger amount of learned borrowings from Sanskrit.[2] Many of these, however, are borrowed indirectly from Bengali or Marathi,[3] or given meanings based on English or Perso-Arabic derived words already in use in Hindustani.[4][5] Any tatsama vocabulary occurring in Punjabi is borrowed from Hindi/Urdu,[6] and likewise tatsama words in languages spoken further west are likely to be indirect loans of Hindi/Urdu words used in Punjabi. Very few of these are used in colloquial speech, and their use tends to be limited to formal settings or Hindu religious contexts.[7]

Dravidian

Malayalam

Malayalam has many tatsama words, which are used in written and spoken language depending on register and dialect.

For example:

  • Abhimānam- Pride
  • Abhyāsam- Practice
  • Vidya- Education
  • Viśuddham- Holy
  • Viśvāsam- Believe
  • Śvāsam- Breath
  • Vichāram- Thought
  • Bōdham- Sense
  • Śatru- Enemy
  • Rakṣakan- Saviour
  • Ākāśam- Sky
  • Svargam- Heaven
  • Pustakam- Book
  • Svapnam- Dream
  • Prēmam- Love
  • Ullāsam- Merriment
  • Śarīram- Body
  • Daivam- God

Telugu

Sanskrit influenced the Telugu language for about 500 years. During 1000-1100 AD, Nannaya's Telugu in Mahabharata, Telugu in several inscriptions, Telugu in poetry reestablished its roots and dominated over the royal language, Sanskrit. Telugu absorbed the Tatsamas from Sanskrit.[8]

Metrical poetry
in Telugu ('Chandassu') uses meters such as Utpalamala, Champakamala, Mattebham, Sardoola, Sragdhara, Bhujangaprayata etc.. which are pure Sanskrit meters.

Telugu has many tatsama words, known as prakruti. The equivalent colloquial words are called vikrutis, meaning "distorted". Prakruti are used only as a medium of instruction in educational institutions, offices etc. Today, spoken Telugu contains both prakruthi and vikruthi words.

For example:

  • Bhōjanam (food) is prakruti and bōnam is vikruti.
  • Vidya (education) is prakruti and viddhe is vikruti.
  • Rākshasi (demoness) is prakruti and rākāsi/rakkasi is vikruti.
  • Dr̥ṣṭi (sight) is prakruti and dishti is vikruti.
  • Śūnya (zero) is prakruti and sunnā is vikruti.

References

  1. ISBN 9781316222683
    . Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  2. Wikidata Q113330708
  3. Wikidata Q116698457
    .
  4. Wikidata Q117037727
    .
  5. Wikidata Q117037565
    .
  6. Wikidata Q116262232
    .
  7. Wikidata Q113574784{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  8. ^ Ramadasu, G (1980), Telugu bhasha charitra, Telugu academy
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